MODULE 6 | Reproductive System Flashcards by Alyssa Jane Celso

Functions of Reproductive System

• Production of gametes
• Fertilization.
• Development and nourishment of a new
individual
• Production of reproductive hormones

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FUNCTIONS
• To manufacture, maintain, nourish,
transport, and facilitate the
discharge of sperm cells.
• To release alkaline fluid (pre-
ejaculatory fluid)
• To produce and secrete male sex
hormones

Male Reproductive System

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sac-like organ made of skin and
muscles that houses the testes

Scrotum

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Scrotum is divided into right and left internal
compartments by an incomplete
connective tissue _________.

septum

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Function of scrotum

For thermoregulation

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SCROTUM

Beneath the skin are a layer of loose
connective tissue and a layer of
smooth muscle called the ________.

dartos
muscle

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extensions of abdominal muscles
into the scrotum, called ________.

cremaster
muscles

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are the male gonads responsible for the
production of sperm and testosterone

Testes

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The lobules contain ___________, in which sperm cells develop.

seminiferous
tubules

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They
nourish the germ cells and produce a
number of hormones.

Sertoli cells

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Delicate connective tissue surrounding the
seminiferous tubules contains clusters of
endocrine cells called interstitial cells, or
_______________, which secrete testosterone.

Leydig cells

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a tightly coiled series of thread-like
tubules that form a comma-shaped
structure on the posterior side of the
testis

Epididymis

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Receives immature sperm from testis

Epididymis

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Special feature of epididymis

Stereocilia

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emerges from the epididymis and ascends
along the posterior side of the testis to become
associated with the blood vessels and nerves
that supply the testis.

Vas deferens

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Ductus deferens

Vas deferens

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a sugar that provides sperm with
energy

Fructose

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which helps to neutralize the acidic
nature of the female vagina

Alkaline fluid

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like semenogelin, which forms a gel-like
protective layer around sperm

Proteins

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which help sperm
move

Phosphorus and potassium

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hormones that have a role in
lowering the female immune response to semen

Prostaglandins

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releases the fluid in male Reproductive System

Seminal vesicle

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created when the seminal vesicle’s
duct merges with the vas deferens.

Ejaculatory duct

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a part of
the male anatomy that allows the
flow of sperm from the testes
through the reproductive system
and eventually out through the
urethra.

Ejaculatory duct

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consists of both glandular and muscular tissue and is about the size and shape of a walnut.

Prostate gland

surrounds the urethra and the two ejaculatory ducts.

Prostate gland

Cowper gland

Bulbourethral gland

a pair of small, mucus- secreting glands located near the base of the penis.

Cowper gland

Secretes alkaline fluid that Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

Cowper gland

extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis.

Urethra

Main feature of male urethra

Urethral sphincter

is a passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids.

Urethra

is the male organ of copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female.

Penis

A loose fold of skin, called the foreskin, covers the glans penis.

Prepuce

Fluid in the space between testes and tunica vaginalis

Hydrocele

Cause by the inflammation or injury in the scrotum or along the channel or can be caused by other condition such as epididymitis

Hydrocele

Is the swelling and inflammation of the prostate gland

Prostatitis

An undescended testicle is a testicle that hasn't moved into the proper position in the bag of skin hanging below the penis (scrotum) before birth.

Cryptorchidism

A cord known as the spermatic cord carries blood to the testicles.

Testicular Torsion

Is the inability to get and keep an erection from enough for sex.

Erectile Dysfunction

A clinical condition in male Reproductive System where it is a skin disorder characterized by the development of multiple noncancerous (benign) cysts known as steatocystomas

Steatocystoma Multipex

Function of Female Reproductive System

➢ Produces eggs (ova) ➢ Produce and Secretes sex hormones ➢ Receives the spermatozoa ➢ Protects and nourishes the fertilized egg ➢ Delivers fetus through birth canal

➢ Two small organs suspended in pelvic cavity by ligaments

Ovaries

extends from each ovary to the lateral body wall

Suspensory ligament

attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus

Ovarian ligament

➢ The ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves traverse the suspensory ligament and enter the ovary through the __________.

Mesovarium

The covering layer of ovaries

Visceral peritoneum

The outer layer of ovaries

Dense connective tissue

The inner layer of ovaries

Loose connective tissue

Main function of ovaries

➢ Produces Egg cell ➢ Produce Sex Hormones

➢ Also known as uterine tube or oviduct

Fallopian Tube

extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus

Fallopian Tube

Long, thin processes in the opening of uterine tube

Fimbria

Main feature of fimbria

Cilia

sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube

Cilia

part of the uterine tube near the ovary where fertilization usually occurs

Ampulla

With Mucus-secreting cells ▪ Produces Peritoneal Fluid

Fallopian tube

➢ Propels the ovum

Fallopian tube

Houses and nourishes the developing embryo

Uterus

Parts of uterus

• fundus • body • cervix

Parts of uterus where it is the superior to the entrance of uterine tube

Fundus

Parts of uterus where it is the main part

Body

Parts of uterus where it is the narrow part for mucus secretion

Cervix

Layers of uterine wall

1. Perimetrium - outermost layer 2. Myometrium - middle layer 3. Endometrium - innermost layer

Layers of uterine wall where it ▪ formed from visceral peritoneum ▪ Provides added strength and support

Perimetrium

Layers of uterine wall where it ▪ For uterine contraction ▪ Muscular layer, consist of smooth muscle

Myometrium

Female organ of copulation- receives penis during intercourse

Vagina

Allows menstrual flow and childbirth

Vagina

Function of Vagina

➢ Female organ of copulation- receives penis during intercourse ➢ Allows menstrual flow and childbirth ➢ Protection against pathogenic bacteria

Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

is an inflammation of the cervix. The condition is often accompanied by vaginal discharge, bleeding or pain during sex, although some people may not experience any symptoms at all.

Cervicitis

•Benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomyoma.

Fibroid

obstruction of the Fallopian tube, resulting in pus accumulation, which commonly results from the spread of bacteria from the lower genital tract.

Pyosalpinx or tubal abscess

Turning, or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ being tipped from its normal position

UTERINE RETROVERSION

is a common condition where the uterus protrudes into the vagina

Prolapse

Rare and sometimes fatal staphylococcus infection that generally occurs in menstruating women.

Toxic shock syndrome

•Vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; •Characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching.

Candidiasis

Protozoan infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate.

TRICHOMONIASIS

is the process by which diploid precursor cells undergo meiotic division to become haploid gametes (sex cells)

Gametogenesis

describes the production of spermatozoa (sperm) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Spermatogenesis

Two Phases of Spermatogenesis

1.Spermatocytogenesis 2.Spermiogenesis

Parts of the sperm that Contain enzymes necessary for fertilization

Acrosome

are gametes (sex cells) that are produced in the testicular organ (gonad) of male human beings and animals

Sperm cell

Parts of the sperm that Contain the chromosomes

Head

➢ Derived from the Golgi apparatus ➢ This vesicle releases its contents during zona pellucida binding. ➢ Fusion points: Binding Protein Izumo1

ACROSOME

Parts of sperm that Contains mitochondria that produces ATP

Midpiece

Parts of sperm that is also called flagellum

Tail

Moves in a whip-like motion to propel the sperm forward

Tail

The stable mature microtubule-containing tail of the sperm.

Axoneme

Is the production of female gametes (ova) within the ovaries

Oogenesis

is the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature oocyte

Folliculogenesis

A phase in folliculogenesis where it is the Single layer of flattened follicular cells that surrounds small primary oocyte

Primordial follicle

A phase in folliculogenesis where it is ➢ marked by formation of centrally located antrum that appears between granulosa cells. ➢ The antrum contains fluid which is rich in hyaluronan and proteoglycans

Secondary/ Growing Follicle

A phase in folliculogenesis where the follicle is characterized by a large follicular antrum that makes up most of the follicle.

Graafian/ Mature follicle

A phase in folliculogenesis where it is the ➢ Formation of the Zona Pellucida & Zona Granulosa

Primary Follicle

A phase in folliculogenesis where it is the forms following ovulation and expulsion of oocyte. Walls of empty follicle collapse and fold extensively.

Corpus Luteum

If fertilization does not occur, the cells of the corpus luteum remain active for roughly 14 days until the levels of LH fall and the corpus luteum involutes to form the corpus albicans

Corpus Albicans

Refers to the release of a mature egg (oocyte) from one of the ovaries.

Ovulation

Ovulation typically occurs in the _____________

middle of the menstrual cycle

is the process by which a sperm cell from a male and an egg cell (oocyte) from a female merge their genetic material to form a single cell called a zygote.

Fertilization

STAGES OF FERTILIZATION

1. Sperm Binding 2. Acrosome Reaction 3. Cortical Reaction 4. Genetic Transfer