MODULE 5 | Tissue and Histology Flashcards by Alyssa Jane Celso

Group of cells with similar function, structure,
and similar extra cellular substances

Tissues

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4 PRIMARY TISSUES

1.Muscle Tissue
2.Nervous Tissue
3.Epithelial Tissue
4.Connective Tissue

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4 Types of Epithelial tissues

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Stratified

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3 types of muscle tissue

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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7 types of connective tissue

Cartilage
Bone
Tendon
Ligament
Blood
Adipose
Areolar

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Tissue specialized for
contraction.

Muscle tissue

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are
associated with their
movements including
walking, running, lifting,
chewing, picking and
dropping objects, etc

Muscle tissue

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Characteristic of a muscle tissue where it is the ability
to respond to a stimulus

Excitability

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Characteristic of a muscle tissue where it is the ability
of muscle cells to
forcefully shorten

Contractility

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Characteristic of a muscle tissue where it is the ability to
return to its original
length when relaxed

Elasticity

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Characteristic of a muscle tissue where it is is the
ability of a muscle to be
stretched

Extensibility

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4 characteristics of muscle tissue

Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
Contractility

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• Striated
• Long, Large and Cylindrical,
• With many nuclei

Skeletal muscle tissue

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Function of skeletal muscle tissue

• Body Movement
• Voluntary controlled

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• Striated
• Cylindrical
• With single nucleus
• Branched by intercalated disks

Cardiac muscle tissue

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Function of cardiac muscle tissue

• Pumps Blood
• Involuntary Control

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• Unstriated
• Tapered at ends
• With single nucleus

Smooth muscle tissue

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Function of smooth muscle tissue

• Propels material
•“Goose bumps”
•Involuntary control

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• Responsible for coordinating and
controlling many body activities.

NERVOUS TISSUE

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Nervous tissue are consist of:

• Neuron
• Supporting cells

Specialized for generation
& conduction of
electrical events

Neuron

3 parts of Neuron

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

are a type of cell
that provides physical and
chemical support to
neurons and maintain their
environment.

Glial cells

consists of cells that form
membranes, which cover and line the body
surfaces, and of glands, which are derived from
these membranes.

Epithelial tissues

are classified according to the number of their layers and the shape of the cells in the upper layer.

Epithelial membranes

provide a barrier between the external environment and the internal environment of the body

Epithelial membrane

Cells that covers external and internal surfaces throughout the body.

Epithelial tissues

Function of epithelial tissue

a. Protecting underlying structures. b. Acting as barrier c. Permitting the passage of substances. d. Secreting substances. e. Absorbing substances.

is characterized by large amounts of extracellular material between the different types of connective tissue cells.

Connective tissue

FUNCTIONS: • Enclosing and separating other tissues • Connecting tissues to one another • Supporting and moving parts of the body • Storing compounds • Cushioning and insulating

Connective tissue

is the microscopic study of tissues and organs under the microscope.

Histology

is a branch of pathology which deals with the study of disease in a tissue.

Histopathology

TYPES OF HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATION

1. Whole mount 2. Sections 3. Smears

These are preparation of entire animal or organism.

Whole Mount

• The majority of the preparations in histology are sections.

Sections

are made from blood, bone marrow or any fluid such as pleural or ascitic fluid.

Smears

Paraffin Techniques

1. Fixation 2. Embedding 3. Sectioning 4. Staining 5. Mounting

is the lysis or dissolution of cells by enzymatic action probably as a result of rupture of lysosomes.

Autolysis

is the breakdown of tissue by bacterial action often with formation of gas.

Putrefaction

one of the commonly used fixative in all laboratories since it is cheap, penetrates rapidly and does not over harden the tissues.

Formaldehyde

– It is slow to penetrate, hardens and shrinks the tissue and dissolve fats and lipids.

Ethyl alcohol

mode of action as fixative is similar to that of alcohol.

Acetone

– is rarely used alone because it causes shrinkage of the tissue. – It penetrates rapidly without destroying lipids. – brings out more brilliant staining with most of the dyes.

Mercuric chloride

To preserve the tissue in its original form as possible and to prevent post-mortem changes

Fixation

It consists hardening the sample in a paraffin embedding medium, in order to be able to carry out the sectioning.

Embedding

Steps in embedding

a. Dehydration b. Clearing c. Paraffin Infiltration

Paraffin-embedded samples are cut by cross section, using a microtome, into thin slices of 5 micrometers.

Sectioning

increases contrasts in order to recognize and differentiate the different components of the biological material.

Staining

Sections are mounted between slides and cover slips using a product to ensure adhesion. The slides are then ready for storage or observation.

Mounting