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BIOL1040 > Module 6 - Plant Form and Function > Flashcards

Module 6 - Plant Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Autotroph vs heterotroph

A

Autotroph

  • self-sufficient without eating other living organisms
  • produce their own energy
  • plants, algae, certain protists, some prokaryotes

Heterotroph

  • live on compounds produced by other organisms
  • humans, cows, meerkats etc.
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2
Q

Chlorophyll a vs Chlorophyll b

What is the name of other accessory pigments?

A

a - main photosynthetic pigment

b

  • an accessory pigment
  • absorbs different wavelengths of light
  • pass the energy to chlorophyll a
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3
Q

What is the name of other accessory pigments?

A

Carotenoids

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4
Q

What happens when a pigment absorbs light?

A

It goes from a ground state to an excited state which is unstable.

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5
Q

What are photosystems?

A

a reaction centre in the plasma membrane surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes

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6
Q

How is type I different from type II?

A

Photosytem II comes before photosystem I in the thylakoid membrane, so energy flows from II to I.

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7
Q

What are light-harvesting complexes? What is their role?

A
  • pigment molecules bound to proteins

- funnel the energy of photons of light to the reaction centre

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8
Q

What happens when a reaction-centre chlorophyll molecule absorbes energy?

A

One of its electrons get pumped up to a primary electron acceptor

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9
Q

How do C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration?

A

C4 plants spatially confine the Calvin cycle to very internal cells

  • CO2 is incorporated into four carbon organic acids (C4_ in mesophull cells rather than three carbon chains by Rubisco as in C3 plants
  • C4 is exported to bundle sheath cells where they release CO2 used in Calvin Cycle
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10
Q

5 differences between C3 and C4 plants

A
  • C4 photosynthesis uses two extra ATP molecules
  • C4 plants have a lot less photorespiration
  • Optimum temperature for C4 photosynthesis is higher than C3 photosynthesis
  • C3 plants produce a 3 carbon sugar whereas C4 plants produce a 4 carbon sugar.
  • C4 plants use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix carbon
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11
Q

CAM vs C4 plants

A

CAM

  • 4 carbon sugar
  • temporal separation
  • carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times
  • stoma open at night to incorporate CO2 into organic acids - carbon fixation
  • stoma closed during the day, and CO2 released from the organic acids used in Calvin cycle

C4
- 4 carbon sugar
- spatial seperation
carbon fixation and calvin cycle occur in different types of cells
- mesophyll cell - carbon fixation, organic acids produced
- bundle-sheath cell - calvin cycle

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12
Q

Light reactions vs Calvin cycle (dark) reactions

A

Light

  • take place in thylakoid membranes
  • convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
  • split H2O and release O2 to atmosphere

Dark

  • take place in stroma
  • use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to the sugar G3P
  • returns ADP, inorganic phosphate and NADP+ to light reactions
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13
Q

Three basic organs of plants and their function

A

Roots

  • anchors the plant
  • absorbs minerals and water mainly through root hairs
  • often stores organic substances

Stems

  • Consist of alternating system of nodes were leaves are attached:
    • internodes - stem segments between nodes
    • axillary buds - structures with the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch
    • terminal bud - located near the shoot tip, cause elongation of the shoot
  • flowers are a modified stem

Leaves
- the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

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14
Q

How many times more efficient are C4 plants at photosynthesising than C3 plants at optimal temperature?

A

2 to 3 times

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15
Q

Three tissue systems in plants and role

A

Dermal tissue
- outer layer for protection

Vascular tissue

  • long-distance transport of materials
  • two tissues: xylem and phloem

Ground tissue

  • specialised cells for functions such as storage, photosynthesis and support
  • fill up the plant body
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16
Q

eudicot vs monocot

A

Eudicot - embryo with 2 cotyledons

Monocot - embryo with 1 cotyledon

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17
Q

Tissue organisation of stems (eudicot vs monocot)

A

Eudicot
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Monocot
- vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue rather than in a ring

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18
Q

Xylem vs Phloem

A

Xylem

  • empty dead cells (cellulose)
  • conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots
  • moves bottom to top ONLY

Phloem

  • live cells
  • transports organic nutrients from where they are to where they are needed
  • either direction
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19
Q

Apical vs lateral meristems

A

Apical meristems

  • located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots
  • elongate shoots and roots through primary growth
  • grow up or down

Lateral meristems
- add thickness to plants through secondary growth
- restricted to woody plants
Includes cork cambium and vascular cambium

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20
Q

2 types of lateral meristem and roles

A

Cork cambium

  • adds secondary dermal tissue
  • outer

Vascular cambium

  • adds secondary xylem and phloem
  • inner
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21
Q

Primary vs Secondary growth

A

Primary growth
- produces primary plant body including roots and shoot systems by apical meristems

Secondary growth

  • adds girth to steams and roots in woody plants
  • rarely in leaves
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22
Q

Primary growth of roots

A
  • tip is capped
    Process
  • zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation (cells increase in size)
  • zone of maturation (cell differentiation)
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23
Q

Phase changes in plants

A

Juvenile phase
- first set of true leaves

Adult vegetative phase
- more shoots, branches, leaves etc.

Adult reproductive phase
- flower to fruit or nut

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24
Q

Four concentric whorls of a flower, position and ABC model combination

A

Sepals - outside - A
Petals - A + B
Stamens (male) - B + C
Carpels (female) - inside - C

25
Q

What is cotransport?

A

A mechanism in which a transport protein couples the passage of one solute to the passage of another

26
Q

What is the apoplast?

A

the continuum of cell walls plus extracellular spaces

27
Q

What is the plasmdesmata?

A

the cytoplasmic channels (‘gap junctions’ of plant cells)

28
Q

What is the symplast?

A

The cytoplasmic continuum

29
Q

Three transport pathways in plants

A

Transmembrane
- out of one cell, across a cell wall and into another cell

Symplastic route - through the continuum of cytosol connected by plasmadesmata

Apoplastic route - through the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces

30
Q

Role of Casparian strip

A

controls the kind and amount of molecules that enter the plant

31
Q

Cohesion vs adhesion

A

Cohesion - stickyness between water molecules

Adhesion - attraction between water molecules and walls of xylem tissue

32
Q

What is translocation?

A

transport of photosynthesis products in the plant

33
Q

What is phloem sap?

A
  • an aqueous solution that is mostly sucrose
  • travels from a sugar source to a sugar sink
  • the direction of travel is variable
34
Q

Sugar source vs sugar sink including examples

A

Source - a plant organ that is a producer or sugar e.g. mature leaves

Sink - an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar e.e. roots, growing buds, stems, growing eaves, tubers, fruit

35
Q

What is etiolation?

A

growing in darkness

36
Q

What is tropism?

A

any growth response that results in curvatures of whole plant organs toward or away from a stimulus e.g. phototropism - response to light

37
Q

6 plant hormones

A
  • Auxin
  • Cytokinins
  • Gibberellins
  • Brassinosteroids
  • Abscisic Acid (ABA)
  • Ethylene
38
Q

Role of the plant hormone ethylene

A
  • produced in response to stresses
  • apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • fruit ripening
  • slows down primary growth but NOT secondary growth
  • regulated by ACC synthase
39
Q

Role of plant hormone Abscisic Acid (ABA)

A
  • stress hormone
  • seed dormancy
  • drought tolerance
40
Q

Role of the plant hormone Brassinosteroids

A
  • the plant sex hormones
  • induce cell elongation and division
  • plants die without it
41
Q

Role of the plant hormone Gibberellins

A
  • stem elongation
  • fruit growth
  • seed germination
42
Q

Role of the plant hormone Cytokinis

A
  • stimulates cell division
  • works together with zuxin in apical dominance
  • retard the aging of some plant organs
43
Q

Role of the plant hormone Auxin

A
  • promotes cell elongation
44
Q

Define photomorphogenesis

A

effects of light on plant morphology

45
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

Blue-light
- control hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening and phototropism

Phytochromes

  • regulate many of a plant’s response to light throughout its life
  • dimer
46
Q

2 types of phytochrome

A

Pr

  • sensitive to red light
  • starting state
  • dimers seperate

Pfr

  • sensitive to far-red light
  • signals responses
  • dimers together
47
Q

Define photoperiod

A

photoperiod - the relative lengths of night and day used by plants to detect the time of year required for certain developmental processes such as flowering

48
Q

define photoperiodism

A

physiological response to photoperiod

49
Q

Short day vs long day plants

A

Short day - flower in autumn and winter

Long day - flower in spring and summer

50
Q

Define gravitropism, and explain how is can be positive or negatice

A

Gravitropism - response to gravity

Positive - go with gravity e.g. root growth
Negative - go against gravity e.g. shoot growth

51
Q

Define thigmomorphogenesis

Give example

A

changes in form that result from mechanical perturbations

e.g. daily disturbance such as wind results in short, bushier trees

52
Q

What is a GM plant?

A

A plant to which we had added extra DNA using recombinant techniques in the lab

53
Q

What bacterium transfers genes to plant genomes? What does it typically cause?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Causes ‘crown gall’ disease and is natures genetic engineer

54
Q

What is the role of phytohormone synthesis genes in GM plant procedures?

A

cell proliferation to create the bacterium’s gall

55
Q

What is the role of opine biosynthesis genes in GM plant procedures?

A

Nutrient secretion for Agro bacterium

56
Q

What is the 3 step process of inserting a gene into a plant?

A
  1. Cut out the disease-producing DNA
  2. Insert the DNA that we want to transfer
  3. Let Agro bacteria do its work (which is to infect the plant tissue)
57
Q

Is Agrobacterium effective on dicots or monocots? Why?

A

Dicots as they are its natural host

58
Q

What are the four parts of the flower from outer most to inner most?

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpels

BIOL1040 (9 decks)

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