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BIOL1040 > Module 5 - Endocrinology > Flashcards

Module 5 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Local vs Long-distance signalling

A

Local

  • paracrine
  • synaptic

Long-distance
- endocrine (hormonal)

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2
Q

5 types of signalling, signalling molecule and communication type

A

Endocrine

  • signalling molecule: hormones
  • long distance

Synaptic

  • signalling molecule: neurotransmitters
  • short distance

Neuroendocrine

  • signalling molecule: neurohormone
  • long distance

Paracrine

  • signalling molecule: local regulators
  • short distance

Autocrine

  • signalling molecule: local regulators
  • very short distance
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3
Q

Define endocrine signalling

A

secreted molecules diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

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4
Q

Define synaptic signalling

A

secreted molecules diffuse across a synapse, triggering a response in cells of the targeted tissue

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5
Q

Define neuroendocrine signalling

A

secreted molecules are released from a neurosecretory cell, diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

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6
Q

Define paracrine signalling

A

secreted molecules diffuse locally through the ECF, triggering a response in neighbouring cells

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7
Q

Define autocrine signalling

A

secreted molecules diffuse locally, triggering a response in the cell which secreted them

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8
Q

Type I vs type II diabetes mellitus

A

Type I

  • insulin dependent
  • an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Type II

  • non-insulin dependent
  • involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells dues to change in insulin receptors
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9
Q

Posterior vs Anterior pituitary

A

Posterior

  • houses ends of hypothalamic neurons which store hormones
  • place of neurosecretion
  • no cells
  • ‘dry’ side

Anterior

  • houses true endocrine cells which synthesise and release hormones
  • portal circulation
  • regulated by hormones released into portal blood vessels
  • rich in blood supply, gives pink colour
  • ‘wet’ side
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10
Q

What is portal circulation?

A

Capillaries to portal vessels to capillaries

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11
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release and what are their target?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin) - kidney tubules 
Oxytocin - mammary glands and uterine muscles
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12
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A 
Gonadotropins (FSH and lutropin)
TSH 
ACTH 
Prolactin 
MSH 
GH
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13
Q

Tropic vs non-tropic hormones

A

Tropic - stimulate another endocrine gland to release a subsequent hormone that will act on its target cells

Non-tropic - act directly on target cell

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14
Q

Components of Adrenal gland

A

Adrenal medulla

  • inside
  • neural tissue
  • releases amine hormones (catecholamines) including epinephrine (adrenline) and norephinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • triggers fight or flight response

Adrenal cortex

  • outside
  • true endocrine cells
  • releases steroid hormones (corticosteroids) such as mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
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15
Q

What is the distinctive feature of steroids?

A

4 ring structure like cholesterol

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16
Q

Steroid hormones plus examples

A

Corticosteroids

  • mineralocorticoids e.g. Aldosterone
  • glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol
17
Q

Amine hormones plus examples

A

Catecholamines

  • epinephrine e.g. adrenaline
  • norephinephrine e.g. noradrenaline
18
Q

Short term responses to stress

A

Caused by epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • glycogen broken down to glucose to increase blood glucose
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased breathing rate
  • increased metabolic rate
  • change in blood flow patterns leading to increased alterness and decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activitiy
19
Q

Long term responses to stress

A

Effects of mineralocorticoids (aldostrone)

  • retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
  • increased blood volume and blood pressure

Effects of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

  • proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
  • possible suppression of immune system
20
Q

What are the three types of hormones? Are they hydrophillic and hydrophobic?

A

Polypeptides - hydrophillic, water-soluble

Steroids - hydrophobic, lipid-soluble

Amines - both: hydrophillic
hydrophobic

21
Q

How does receptor location vary with hormone type?

A

Water-soluble hormones bind on membrane receptors.

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to a receptor in nucleus or cytoplasm (intracellular receptors) as they can cross the membrane.

22
Q

What do thyroid hormones regulate?

A
  • homeostatsis

- development

23
Q

Positive vs negative feedback

A

positive - reinforces stimulus, takes to an extreme

negative - reduces stimulus, restores homeostasis

24
Q

What is the point of feedback loops?

A

Feedback loops tell if things are back to normal or not.

25
Q

Why must organisms maintain homeostasis?

A

Optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

26
Q

What molecules determine the tissue specificity of hormones?

A

Receptors

27
Q

What gland secretes releasing hormones?

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

Nonsteroid hormones vs steroid hormones

A

Nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways but steroid hormones do not.

29
Q

Where are the receptors for nonsteroid hormones located?

A

In the cell’s plasma membrane

30
Q

A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and steroid hormones is…

A

these hormones bind to receptors in the cell

31
Q

What type of hormone is lipid soluble?

A

Steroid hormones

32
Q

Where do steroid hormone-receptor complexes act?

A

In the nucleus

33
Q

What is the primary reason for steroid hormones acting so slowly?

A

They turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted.

34
Q

Name the 11 peptide hormones (acronym)

Which are tropic and non-tropic? Which is both?

A 
GH (T and NT)
Oxytocin (NT)
ADH (NT)
TSH (T)
FSH (T)
LH (T)
ACTH (T)
Prolactin (NT)
MSH (NT)
Insulin  (NT)
Glucagon (NT)
35
Q

Which two peptide hormones come from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

36
Q

What are the 6 steroid hormones? (acronym) Are they tropic or non-tropic?

A 
Oestrogen
Mineralcorticoids
Androgens
Cortisol
Glucocorticoids
Progestins

All non tropic

37
Q

Are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble? What about peptide hormones?

A

Steroids - lipid soluble

Peptides - water soluble

38
Q

What are the 4 amine hormones? (acronym) Which are water soluble and which are lipid soluble? Which are tropic and which are non-tropic? Which is both?

A

Melatonin (lipid soluble) (T and NT)
Adrenaline (water soluble) (NT)
Noradrenaline (water soluble) (NT)
Thyroid hormones (lipid soluble) (T)

39
Q

What is the acronym for peptide hormones? steroid hormones? amine hormones?

A

GOAT FLAP MIG
Occasionally Mum Actually Cooks Good Pies
MANT

BIOL1040 (9 decks)

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