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BIOL1040 > Module 4 - Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Module 4 - Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of diffusion occur across the respiratory surface?

A

Passive diffusion.

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2
Q

What features must the respiratory surface have?

A

Respiratory surface must have large surface area and a thin membrane.

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3
Q

What does oxygen need to do before it can diffuse?

A

Oxygen needs to dissolve in fluid before it can diffuse.

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4
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

PP - the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.

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5
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

the solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid

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6
Q

What type of exchange occurs in gills? Explain

A

Countercurrent exchange - this is where the water flows through gill filaments in the opposite direction of the blood flowing through the capillaries in the gill filaments. The pp of oxygen in water decreases as it flows through the gill filaments, and the pp of oxygen in blood being highest where the water first crosses.

Water: 150 120 90 60 30 (flowing left to right)
Blood: 140 110 80 50 20 (flowing right to left)

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7
Q

4 facts about tracheal systems

A
  • exist in insects
  • no link between gases and blood
  • oxygen goes directly to cells
  • moisture is easily lost as the size of the tracheole decreases
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8
Q

How many alveoli do humans have and what surface area does this create?

A

300 million alveoli gives 80 to 100 square metres

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9
Q

Pulmonary vs systematic circulation

A

Pulmonary

  • heart and lungs
  • deoxygenated blood to lungs - oxygenation - oxygenated blood returns to the heart
  • low pressure system
  • removes CO2 from blood and adds O2

Systematic

  • heart and rest of the body
  • oxygenated blood to the body - deoxygenation - deoxygenated blood returns to the heart
  • high pressure system
  • provides body cells with O2 and removes CO2
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10
Q

Positive vs negative pressure breathing

A

Positive
- inhaled air closed into nasal cavity, air rushes into lungs as pressure is lower there (push air into lungs).

Negative

  • expansion of lungs reduces pressure, so air rushes into lungs (suck air in)
  • exhalation by relaxation of diaphragm and rib muscles, decreases lung volume and air moves out of lungs
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11
Q

What is the change in volume in negative pressure breathing in humans?

A

Very small: 3-4 mmHg

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12
Q

Roles of preural sac

A
  • forms a fluid filled double membrane surrounding the lung

- keeps lungs stretched and attached to ribs

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13
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

bottom 1200mL, always in the lungs, the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort.

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14
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

1100ml on top of residual volume, the max that can be exhaled after normal expiration

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15
Q

What is the funtioncal residual capacity?

A

residual + expiratory reserve = bottom 2300mL, the volume of air at the end of passive expiration.

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16
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

500mL above functional residual capacity - the difference of volumes after normal inhalation and exhalation

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17
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000mL above tidal, the max that can be inhaled after normal inhalation

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18
Q

What is the insiratory capacity?

A

tidal plus inspiratory reserve - the max inhaltion after normal expiration

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19
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

4600mL - that is total lung capacity minus the residual volume, the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

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20
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

5800mL

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21
Q

What are the responses to an increase in CO2 concentration in the blood?

A
  • decreased pH

- increased rate and depth of ventilation

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22
Q

Partial pressures in mmHg of O2 and CO2 in 6 phases of respiration

A

Inhaled air - 160 O2, 0.2 CO2
Alveolar spaces - 104 O2, 40 CO2
Pulmonary veins and systemic arteries - 104 O2, 40 CO2
Body tissue - 45 CO2
Pulmonary arteries and systemic veins - 40 O2, 45 CO2
Exhaled air - 120 O2, 27 CO2

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23
Q

Features of haemoglobin

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • 4 Heme groups with iron atom
  • can carry 4 oxygen molecules each
  • as the number of oxygen molecules that are already bound increases, the ease of binding another O2 increases too (works in reverse too with unloading)
  • first on or first off is the hardest
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24
Q

Partial pressure of O2 and subsequent O2 saturation of hemoglobin in:

  • tissues during exercise
  • tissues at rest
  • the lungs

What does this imply?

A

Lungs
pp O2 = 100%
sat = 100%

Tissues at rest
pp O2 = 40%
sat = 70%
30% oxygen offloaded to tissues

Tissues during exercise
pp O2 = 10 - 15%
sat = 80% oxygen offloaded to tissues

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25
What does a decrease in pH imply for haemoglobin?
Hemoglobin retains less O2 at a lower pH, so at the same partial pressure, the O2 saturation of hemoglobin is less when pH is lower.
26
What occurs to diffusion as the size of an animals increases? How is this overcome?
Diffusion becomes inefficient as the time it takes for O2 to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance it diffuses. Circulatory systems overcome this.
27
Open vs closed circulatory systems
Open - blood is pushed down between organs into the haemolymph in the sinuses (the gaps) - CO2 waits in the sinuses and is picked up by the blood there - O2 delivered to sinuses and picked up by cells from there - tubular heart - insects - one fluid - simple, easy to maintain - less energy and less pressure Closed - 2 fluids - interstitial (around and between organs) and blood - blood never leaves circulatory systems - diffusion of gases across blood vessel membranes to interstitial fluid and back - higher pressure, results in increased efficiency for meeting high metabolic demand
28
Single vs double (amphibian) vs double (mammal) circulation
Single - 1 circuit - fish - blood from heart to gills to body to heart Double - 2 circuits: one to lungs and one to body In amphibians - some mixing of blood as there is only one ventricle - pulmocutaneous circuit includes lungs and skin capillaries In mammals - no mixing of blood at all as circuits are kept seperate by 2 ventricles
29
2 heart value types and location
Atrioventricular (AV) values - between atria and ventricles Semilunar values - between ventricles and arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery)
30
Where are bicuspid and tricuspid values found?
Bicuspid - left | Tricuspid - right
31
Systole vs diastole
systole - contraction/pumping | diastole - relaxation/filling
32
What is cardiac output?
Heart rate (beats per min) x stroke volume (L per beat) = L/ per min
33
3 muscle types and features
Skeletal - voluntary and striated Cardiac - involuntary and striated Smooth - non-striated
34
What are pace maker cells?
Self-excitable cells that can generate an action potential without the brain. They pass on the AP to nonpacemaker cells via gap junctions between them
35
Artery vs vein vs capillary
All made of similar tissue and three similar layers, but are arranged in different ways. Artery - inner layer: endothelium, thick smooth muscle and thick connective tissue to withstand high pressure - elastic: expand in systole and reduce in diastole Vein - - endothelium, thinner smooth muscle and thinner connective tissue as pressure is less - lots of values to prevent backflow as blood is often going against gravity - skeletal muscle contraction aids blood flow back to heart Capillary - endothelium, basal lamina - thinner outer layer to allow diffusion and exchange of gases to occur
36
How do lipid soluble substances such as oxygen and carbon oxide cross the capillary wall?
pass through the endothelial cells
37
How do plasma proteins cross the capillary wall?
generally cannot cross the capillary wall
38
How do exchangable proteins cross the capillary wall?
vesicular transport
39
How do small water soluble substances such as sodium and potassium ions, glucose and amino acids cross the capillary wall?
through the water-filled pores
40
How does the difference between osmotic pressure and blood pressure drive fluids out and into the capillaries?
Osmotic pressure is constant. Blood pressure decreases from arteriole to venule end. At the arteriole end of a capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure so fluid flows out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. At the venule end of a capillary, blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure so fluid flows from the interstitial fluid into the capillary. This is due to fluid moving from high pressure to low pressure. Wherever the pressure is lowest - in the capillary (osmotic) or in the blood (blood) - is where the fluid will flow.
41
2 mechanisms that regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds
Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an arteriole to constrict the vessel Contraction of precapilllary sphincters to control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules
42
Blood vs systolic vs diastolic pressure
Blood pressure - the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel Systolic - the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole - the highest pressure in the arteries Diastolic - the pressure in the arteries during diastole - lower than systolic pressure
43
Laminar vs turbulent flow
laminar - straight, does not create sound Turbulent - not straight, can be heard as blood hits vessel wall
44
Vasoconstriction vs vasodilation
Vasoconstriction - narrowing of vessel as smooth muscle contracts causing upstream increase in blood pressire Vasodilation - increase in vessel diameter as smooth muscle relaxes, decreasing blood pressure
45
3 constituents of blood and % volume
Red blood cells - 45% Plasma - 55% 'Buffy coat' (platelets and white blood cells) ~1%
46
4 constituents of plamsa and function
Water - solvent Ions (blood electrolytes) - osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability Plasma proteins Substances transported by blood
47
4 Plasma proteins
Albumin Immunoglobulins Apolipoproteins Fibrinogen
48
What is the function of the plasma protein Albumin?
osmotic balance and pH buffering
49
What are the plama proteins immunoglobulins are what are their function?
antibodies - defence
50
What is the function of the plasma protein apolipoprotein?
lipid transport
51
What is the function of the plasma protein fibrinogen?
clotting
52
3 blood cell types and their functions
Leukocytes (white blood cells) - defence and immunity Platelets - blood clotting Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - transport of O2 and some CO2
53
Abundance of erythrocytes
5 to 6 million per micro L (cubic millimetre)
54
Abundance of platelets
250 000 to 400 000 per micro L (cubic millimetre)
55
Abundance of leukocytes
5 000 to 10 000 per micro L (cubic millimetre)
56
Lymphoid stem cells vs myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid - lymphocytes - B and T cells ``` Myeloid All other cell types: - erythrocytes - neutrophils - basophils - monocytes - platelets - eosinphils ```
57
Lifespan of erythrocytes
3 to 4 months
58
5 types of Leukocytes
``` Basphils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes ```
59
Where is average blood pressure lowest in the circulatory system?
Venae cavae
60
What would happen in the long term if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?
Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas
61
How is most CO2 carried from body tissues to the lungs?
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
62
What is the Bohr shift produced by?
Changes in blood pH (lowering)
63
How does cardiac muscle differ from other types of muscle?
It contains branched cells.

BIOL1040 (9 decks)

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