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BIOL1040 > Module 2 - Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Module 2 - Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory neuron vs interneuron vs motor neuron structure

A

Sensory neuron - long axon
Interneuron - lots of dendrites to collect information and many synaptic terminals (branches off axon)
Motor neuron - many dendrites and 1 long axon from CNS to effector

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2
Q

What are Glia? What are the types and their roles?

A
  • supporting cells that are vital for structural integrity and normal function of neurons

Types:
Astrocytes - in the CNS, form the blood-brain barrier and regulate extracellular concentration of ions and neurotransmitters

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) - form myelin sheaths around axons that act as insulators

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3
Q

What is the abundance of Glia?

A

10-50 times more than neurons in the mammalian brain

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4
Q

Resting membrane potential Na+ and K+ concentration

A

ECF - 5mM K+ and 150mM Na+

Cytoplasm - 140mM K+ and 15mM Na+

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5
Q

Rate of Na+/K+-ATPase pumping

A

3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in

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6
Q

What causes the resting membrane potential?

A

Many open K+ channels and few Na+ channels plus charged proteins inside the cell

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7
Q

Hyperpolarisation vs depolarisation

A

Hyper - inside of membrane becomes more negative as a result of K+ channels opening and K+ flowing out of cell

De - inside of membrane becomes more positive as a result of Na+ channels opening and Na+ ions flowing into the cell

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8
Q

Graded vs action potentials

A

Graded:

  • can be hyper- or depolarisation
  • vary in magnitude with the strength of stimulus
  • local and die out

Action:

  • depolarisation only
  • reach a certain threshold and is an ‘all or nothing’ response
  • travel along axons
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9
Q

Absolute refractory period (ARP) vs relative refractory period (RPR)

A

ARP - no action potential can be generated on top of the current one as Na+ channels are open and then inactive

RPR - action potential can only be generated to add to the current one if a large stimulus is applied, as some Na+ channels are closed again

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10
Q

Saltatory vs. smooth conduction

A

Saltatory: conduction of AP along axon - AP only needs to be generated at Nodes of Ranvier between Schwann cells along the axons => faster conduction

Smooth: AP generated all the way along due to no myelination

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11
Q

Na+ channels vs K+ channels

A

Na+ channels have 3 stages - Closed, open and inactive, and open very fast
K+ channels have 2 stages - closed and open, and are slower to open

Both open by depolarisation signal

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12
Q

What effects the speed of conduction?

A
  • Axon diameter: larger diameter = less resistance = faster conduction
  • temperature: increase temp = increase conduction speed
  • degree of myelination: increase myelination = decreased loss of electrical signal = increased conduction speed (more effect than axon diameter)
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13
Q

Electrical vs chemical synapses

A

Electrical:

  • rare type
  • at gap junctions
  • direct electrical currents between cells

Chemical:

  • common type
  • involve release of a neurotransmitter
  • neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neuron
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14
Q

Excitatory vs inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

EPSP - depolarisation in postsynaptic membrane, could lead to another action potential is depolarisation reaches threshold

IPSP - hyperpolarisation at postsynaptic membrane

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15
Q

Temporal vs spatial summation

A

temporal - several EPSP’s from the same synapse just after each other

spatial - two or more EPSP’s from different synpases

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16
Q

Postsynaptic potential vs action potential

A

Postsynaptic:

  • excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)
  • graded
  • local
  • at the cell body or dendrites

Action:

  • depolarisation
  • all or nothing
  • can be the result of the addition of excitatory postsynaptic potentials
  • generated at the axon hillock
  • travels along the axon
17
Q

Types of chemical synaptic transmission and related receptor types

A

Direct:
- neurotransmitter opens ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane
- action via ligand-gated ion channels
Receptors: ion channel receptors

Indirect:
- neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
- activates a signal transduction pathway
- involves a second messenger
Receptors: GPCR’s

18
Q

4 ways to remove neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

A
  • Broken up by enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (super fast, enzyme sits in cleft ready to take action)
  • Diffusion (too slow for the necessary control)
  • recycled by selective uptake of transporters such as NET and SERT back into the presynaptic neuron where they return to vesicles (different transport proteins for each neurotransmitter)
  • Taken up by astrocytes which mop up the left overs
19
Q

What animals don’t have a nervous system?

A

Sponges

20
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS

  • brain
  • spinal cord

PNS

  • cranial nerves (12 pairs in mammals)
  • spinal nerves (31 pairs in mammals)
21
Q

Somatic vs autonomic nervous system

A

Both part of PNS

Somatic - voluntary control e.g. motor neurons

Autonomic

  • mostly involuntary control e.g. heart rate
  • 3 divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric
22
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic vs enteric divisions of autonomic nervous system from PNS, and response/s of activation

A

Enteric - nerves to gut, very complex

Sympathetic:

  • fight or flight
  • bronchi dilate
  • heart rate increases
  • increase converstion of glycogen to glucose
  • adrenaline secretion
  • digestion inhibitation
  • nerves arise from thoracic or lumber (middle) regions of spine
  • short pre-ganglia fibre and long post-ganglia fibre

Parasympathetic:

  • rest and digest
  • calming
  • often has opposite response to the sympathetic division
  • nerves arise from cervical or sacral (top and bottom) regions of spine
  • long pre-ganglia fibre and short post-ganglia fibre
23
Q

Roles of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • protects the CNS
  • clear fluid in subarachnoid space (between the skull and cortex)
  • 4 ventricles and central canal
  • supply nutrients and hormones
  • remove waste
  • blocks flow in hydrocephalus
24
Q

Grey vs white matter inc. location in brain and spinal cord

A

Grey matter:

  • dendrites, cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
  • outside of brain
  • inside of spinal cord

White matter:

  • myelinated axons
  • inside of brain
  • outside of spinal cord
25
Q

Where are new neurons derived from?

A

adult stem cells

26
Q

What determines how long the refractory period goes for?

A

How long it takes for the voltage-gated sodium channels to reactivate at the end of an action potential

27
Q

4 ways that neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells

A
  • causing molecular changes in the cells
  • affecting ion-channel proteins
  • initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells
  • altering the permeability of the cells
28
Q

How is the activity of acetylcoline in a synapse terminated?

A

It is degraded by a hydrolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane

BIOL1040 (9 decks)

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