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BIOL1040 > Module 3 - Support and Movement > Flashcards

Module 3 - Support and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Function and roles of muscular system

A

To convert chemical energy into mechanical work

  • movement
  • support
  • protection
  • body temperature regulation
  • nutrient storage
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2
Q

4 characteristics of muscle tissue

A

excitability and conductivity

  • can response to stimuli
  • produce an action potential
  • carry a chemical or electrical signal

contractility
- can shortent and thicken

extensibility

  • can be stretched without damage
  • muscles often work in pairs

elasticity
- strain energy storage

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of filaments?

A

Actin - thin

Myosin - thick

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4
Q

What is the M-line?

A

mid line of myosin

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5
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

ends of sarcomeres

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6
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

myosin no actin including M-line

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7
Q

What is the A-band?

A

range of myosin

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8
Q

What is the I-band?

A

actin including Z line

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9
Q

4 types of joints

A
  • Nonaxial
  • Monoaxial/uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • triaxial/multiaxial
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10
Q

Examples of nonaxial joints

A

gliding

- carpels, vertebrae

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11
Q

Examples of monoaxial/uniaxial joints

A

hinge
- humerous and ulna
pivot
- radius and ulna

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12
Q

Examples of biaxial joints

A

ellipsoid
- wrist
saddle
- metacarpels

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13
Q

Examples of triaxiak/multiaxial joints

A

ball and socket

- shoulder

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14
Q

What are the three planes of movement?

A

Sagittal (median)
Coronal
Transverse

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15
Q

What is the sagittal/median plane of movement?

A
  • forward and back

- cause flexion (decrease angle) and extension (increase angle) of joints

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16
Q

What is the coronal plane of movement?

A
  • left and right

- causes adduction (body part moves toward midline) and abduction (body part moves away from midline)

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17
Q

What is the transverse plane of movement?

A
  • rotation about the long axis (head to toe)
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18
Q

Define motor unit

A

a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibres it innervates

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19
Q

What is a muscle fibre?

A

A bundle of myofibrial (chains of sarcomeres)

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20
Q

In what manner do action potentials spread across motor units?

A

Like ripples in water

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21
Q

What is Rigor mortis?

A

Rigor mortis occurs when ATP stores deplete in a deceased body, causing the myosin heads to remain bound to the actin leading to the stiffening of the body.

  • begins immediately
  • obvious 2 - 4 hours post mortem
  • complete by 6-12 hours post mortem
  • lasts 15-25 hours
  • disappears with tissue decay
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22
Q

What is Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Rhabdomyolysis is the disintergration or dissolution of muscle, associated with excretion of myoglobin in the urine.

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • dark urine
  • weakness
  • renal failure
  • compartment syndrome
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24
Q

What are the causes of Rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • vigorous exercise
  • alcoholism
  • drugs
  • heatstroke
  • seizures
  • crush injuries
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25
Q

What are the treatments of Rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • plenty of fluids

- diuretics (drugs to increase urination)

26
Q

3 basic mechanical roles of skeletons

A
  • support (against gravitation acceleration)
  • protection (of internal organs)
  • movement (of body)
27
Q

2 metabolic roles of skeletons

A
  • nutrient storage - minerals and lipids, particulary Ca2+ and P3-
  • Blood cell formation - a large role of the axial skeleton in adults
28
Q

Types of skeletons

A
  • Hydroskeleton
  • Exoskeleton
  • Endoskeleton
29
Q

Features of endoskeletons

A
  • internal skeleton consisting of two parts: axial (skull, jaw, spine and ribs - 80 bones in humans (22 from skull)) and appendicular (limbs/anything coming off the axial skeleton - 126 bones in humans)
30
Q

Features of exoskeletons

A
  • calcium carbonate shells or cuticle (chitin - coat secreted by epidermis)
  • provides protection from predators and the environment
  • muscles attach to the inside of the skeleton
  • arthropods either enlarge or shed and replace exoskeleton as they grow
31
Q

Features of hydroskeleton

A
  • fluid held under - pressure in a closed, semi-rigid body compartment
  • muscles anchor to compartment wall and change shape of compartment
    e. g. earthworms
32
Q

4 types of bone

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
33
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A
  • important for support, movement and hematopoiesis

- e.g. vertebrae, os coxae, pneumatic bones

34
Q

Examples of flat bones

A
  • important for protection/hematopoiesis

- e.g. sternum, scapula, ribs

35
Q

Examples of short bones

A
  • square shaped
  • important for movement
  • e.g. carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones
36
Q

Examples of long bones

A
  • shaft with end
  • important for leverage/movement
  • e.g. femur, phalanges
37
Q

Compact vs. trabecular bone

A

compact - hard outer of bone
trabecular - spongy inside, a 3D lattice

Both are made of same material, just organised differently to have different mechanical properties.

38
Q

Primary vs secondary bone

A

Secondary bone is the new bone - produced as tubes up through the primary bone

39
Q

What are the two components of bone tissue?

A

hydroxyapatite and collegen

40
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A
  • inorganic: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
  • about 2/3rds of bone tissue
  • stores/contains 99% of the body’s calcium (1-2kg- the most abundant mineral in the body)
  • bone brittleness
41
Q

What is collegen?

A
  • comprises roughly 1/3rd of bone tissue
  • bone flexibility
  • reinforcing material, like steel rods in concrete
42
Q

What causes rickets?

A

A lack of hydroxyapatite makes the bone more flexible causing them to bend under the weight of the body

43
Q

Osteoblasts vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts - create bone matrix
Osteoclasts - breakdown bone matrix
Osteocytes - maintain bone matrix

blast - build
clast - opposite of build
cytes - maintain

44
Q

What percentage of bone mass is bone cells? What is the rest?

A

2% - the rest is matrix, which is hydroxyapatite and collegen

45
Q

How does the number of bones change throughout life? Why does this happen?

A

11 weeks prior to birth - 800 ossification centres
At birth - 450 ossification centres
Mature adults - 206 bones

Growth plates fuse making bones become one.

46
Q

How does bones grow or be repaired?

A

The bone wall stays the same thickness but the width increases.

Osteoclasts excavate a tunnel ‘parallel’ with the diaphysis and osteoblasts subsequently refill the tunnel with osteoid that gradually mineralises. This is the bone modeling unit (BMU). Damage is constantly repaired.

47
Q

What shape of bone resists bending best?

A

Hollow oval bones is better than round or solid bone.

48
Q

4 types of locomotion in water

A
  • Undulation
    • side to side motion
    • side movements cancel each other out to push the animal forward
    • can be restricted e.g. cuttlefish
    • Flapping
    • Rowing
    • Jet propulsion
49
Q

How is buoyancy controlled in water?

A

Gas bladders increase and decrease the density of the body and therefore its buoyancy to overcome gravity.

50
Q

Important aspects in locomotion in air, features that make it possible and the 4 types

A

Friction and gravity are very important.

Birds have light bones (air pockets), no teeth and usually no bladder.

Flapping

Bounding

  • for body mass less than 300g
  • energetically economical
  • muscles used at their optimum power output

Soaring

  • energetically economical
  • postural muscle use
  • large wings required

Hovering

  • energetically demanding
  • hummingbirds get lift on up and down strokes unlike other birds
51
Q

Important variable and 4 types of locomotion on land

A

Gravity is the most important variable to overcome, and friction is of lesser concern unless moving fast.

  • Crawling
  • Walking
  • Running
  • Jumping
52
Q

5 types of crawling

A
  • two-anchor
  • pedal wave
  • peristalsis
  • serpentine crawling, sidewinding, concertina
  • amoeboid crawling
53
Q

3 types of running

A
  • plantigrade - flat foot
  • digitigrade - on toes
  • unguligrade - on fingertip (elongation of light distal limb)
54
Q

With the same number of bone, is more or less skeletal elements better?

A

Less skeletal elements result in stronger bones as the bone is less distributed.

55
Q

3 types of locomotion in primates

A

Braciation

  • pedulum swinging through trees
    e. g. gibbon, orangutang

Quadrapedalism

  • knuckle walking (4 limbs)
    e. g. baboon, gorilla, chimpanzee

Bipedalism

  • 2 limbs
  • humans
56
Q

4 stages of human gait cycle

A

Heel strike
Stance
Heel off
Swing

2 periods of double limb support and two periods of single limb support

57
Q

Benefits of bipedal gaits

A
  • minimises energy costs by reducing movement of cenre of gravity
  • increases stride length
  • maintain balance

1000 muscles, 200 bones, 100 moveable joints

58
Q

How fast can we walk, how fast do we walk and why?

A

Acceleration is needed to move a mass in the arc of a circle = v squared/r

Gravitational acceleration acts on our centre of mass which moves in the arc of a circle with a radius equal to the lower limb length. Therefore, g = v^2/r

v(max) = sqrt(gr) = 3.1m/s

59
Q

How much energy of centre of mass can be conserved in walking?

A

60-75%

60
Q

How is lower limb length related to maximum walking speed?

A

Max walking speed is inversely proportional to lower limb length.

61
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

The osteological features that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other

62
Q

What is haematopoisesis and haemopoesis?

A

Haematopoisesis - formation of new erythrocytes (RBC’s)

Haemopoesis - formation of the hemoglobin protein

BIOL1040 (9 decks)

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