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2060 Pharmacology > Module 6 Pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Module 6 Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

A
  • Relationship between drug effects & concentration
  • Quantitative relationship between dose & effect
  • Framework for measurements of drug concentration within body fluids
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2
Q

Drug Disposition Parameters

A
  • Clearance, efficiency of elimination
  • Volume of distribution (apparent space)
  • Elimination of half life (rate of removal)
  • Bioavailability (fraction in systematic circulation)
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3
Q

Drug Therapy Goal

A
  • Fluctuations & steady state within therapeutic range
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4
Q

Measuring Concentrations

A
  • Site of action most accurate, not possible
  • Mostly measured in plasma
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5
Q

Benefits of Plasma Measurement

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Correlation between plasma, therapeutic & toxic effects
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6
Q

Free Drug Measuring

A
  • Elicit pharmacological response
  • Theoretically would be ideal from dosing, difficult
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7
Q

Plasma Measuring

A
  • Measuring plasma provides enough information
  • Guide dosing
  • Free + protein bound usually measured
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8
Q

Oral Admin Time Curve

A
  • Absorbed into blood
  • Beginning, absorption rate > elimination rate
  • Later, absorption = elimination (Cmax)
  • After Cmax, elimination > absorption rate
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9
Q

Plasma Concentration Curve

A
  • High enough to have therapeutic effects
  • Not high enough to induce toxicity
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10
Q

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

A
  • Perform therapeutic effect
  • Drugs below level have no effect
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11
Q

Duration

A
  • Length of time drug concentration above MEC
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12
Q

Toxic Concentration

A
  • Plasma concentrations exceed therapeutic range
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13
Q

Therapeutic Range

A
  • Above MEC, below toxic concentration
  • Goal attain concentrations in range
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14
Q

Therapeutic Range/Window Width

A
  • Index of usage safety
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15
Q

Narrow Range

A
  • Difficult to administer
  • Small effective window
  • Therapeutic monitoring, ensure concentrations in target range
  • Monitor through trough blood sample
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16
Q

Onset of Action

A
  • Lag time varies between different administration methods
  • Rate & extent of absorption impact onset
  • How soon drug effects occur
17
Q

Oral Onset of Action

A
  • Lag time before MEC
18
Q

Continuous Intravenous Infusion

A
  • Rate of entry stays constant
  • No absorption, drug enters systemic circulation
  • Plasma concentration rises
  • Elimination rate = infusion rate
  • Steady state (no change plasma levels)
19
Q

IV Bolus

A
  • Rapid injection into blood
  • Quick distribution
  • eliminated over time
  • Rate of elimination dependant on blood concentration
20
Q

Repeated Dosing

A
  • Accumulation until plateau reached (steady state)
  • High level, peak
  • Low level, trough
21
Q

Steady State

A
  • Peak & trough concentrations same between doses
22
Q

Reducing Fluctuations

A
  • Continuous IV infusion
  • Depot preparations
  • Change dosing interval
23
Q

Continuous IV Infusion Characteristics

A
  • Constant drug levels
  • No peaks/troughs
  • Not a feasible method
24
Q

Depot Preparations

A
  • Release drug at slow, constant rate
  • Minimizes peaks/troughs
25
Q

Changing of Dose Intervals

A
  • Same total daily dose
  • Multiple times throughout day
  • Reduce peaks/troughs
26
Q

Clearance (Cl)

A
  • Efficiency of irreversible elimination
  • Volume of blood cleared per time unit
  • Route of elimination
27
Q

Total Clearance

A
  • Sum of all elimination rates
  • Determines dosage rate required to maintain concentration
28
Q

Dosing Rate Equation

A

= plasma conc x clearance

29
Q

Half Life (t1/2)

A
  • Time to decrease plasma drug conc to 50%
  • Determine time to reach steady state
  • Time for decline in levels after administration
30
Q

Half Life Equation

A

= (0.693xVd) / Cl

31
Q

Time to Steady State

A
  • 5 half lives (same drug repeatedly)
32
Q

Constant Dose

A
  • Time to reach steady state independent
  • Size effects steady state concentration
33
Q

Loading Dose

A
  • Given if too long to reach steady state
  • Large loading doses given to quickly acclimate patient
  • Smaller maintenance doses follow to keep steady state
34
Q

Loading Dose Equation

A

= target drug conc x Vd
- Assuming 100% bioavailability

35
Q

Decline from Steady State

A
  • Time for plasma conc to decline from steady state
  • Independent of the dose
  • 5 half lives = 97% eliminated
  • 9 half lives = 100% eliminated

2060 Pharmacology (18 decks)

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