Module 1 Chemistry

Question 1

Study of Pharmacology Focus

Answer 1

• Route of administration
• Mechanism of action
• Therapeutic effects
• Adverse effects

Question 2

Classifications

Answer 2

• Drugs
• Biologics
• Natural health products

Question 3

Naming Categories

Answer 3

• Chemical
• Generic
• Trade

Question 4

Market Approval Process

Answer 4

• Preclinical testing
• Clinical trail application
• Phase I clinical trial
• Phase II clinical trial
• Phase III clinical trial
• New drug submission to health canada
• Phase IV clinical trial

Question 5

Barriers to Transport

Answer 5

• Intestinal villi
• Tight junctions

Question 6

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 6

• Protein synthesis

Question 7

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 7

• Metabolizes
• Drugs
• Carbs
• Steroids

Question 8

Cell Membrane Composition

Answer 8

• Form lipid bilayer
• Phospholipids
• Proteins

Question 9

Membrane Crossing Mechanisms

Answer 9

• Direct penetration
• Ion channels/pores
• Transport proteins

Question 10

Direct Penetration

Answer 10

• Lipid soluble drugs ONLY

Question 11

Ion Channels

Answer 11

• Small compounds
• Selective

Question 12

Transport Proteins

Answer 12

• Move drug across membrane
• Absorption, excretion, action potential

Question 13

Efflux Transporters

Answer 13

• Move drugs outside membrane
• Protect cells
• Intestine, placenta, kidney, BBB

Question 14

Drug Molecule Types

Answer 14

• Polar
• Ions
• Quaternary ammonium
• Ionizable
• Lipophilic

Question 15

Polar Molecules

Answer 15

• Water soluble
• No net charge

Question 16

Ions

Answer 16

• Net charge (unequal electrons)
• No direct movement through membrane

Question 17

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Answer 17

• 1+ nitrogen atoms
• Positive charge
• Unable to cross membrane

Question 18

Ionizable Molecules

Answer 18

• Charged/uncharged
• Weak acid/base
• PH of surrounding influences charge

Question 19

Lipophilic Molecules

Answer 19

• Lipid soluble

Question 20

Acidic

Answer 20

• Unionized
• Cross membrane

Question 21

Basic

Answer 21

• Ionized
• Can’t cross membrane

Question 22

Ion Trapping

Answer 22

• pH difference on membrane sides
• Drugs accumulate on ionized side

Question 23

Capillary Function

Answer 23

• Allow drug movement from blood to tissue

Question 24

Hydrophilic Drugs

Answer 24

• Pass between fenestrations
• Leave blood

Question 25

Lipophilic Drugs

Answer 25

• Pass between fenestrations/plasma membrane

Question 26

Brain Capillaries

Answer 26

• No fenestrations
• Lipophilic drugs/specific protein carrier