Module 10 Adverse Reactions & Medication Errors Flashcards
1
Q
Adverse Reaction Types
A
- Side effects
- Drug toxicity
- Allergic reaction
- Idiosyncratic reaction
- Carcinogenic effects
- Mutagenic effects
- Teratogenic effects
2
Q
Side Effects
A
- Secondary to main therapeutic effect
- Occur at normal therapeutic doses
- Unavoidable
3
Q
Causes of Side Effects
A
- Poor specificity
- Selectivity of drug
4
Q
Drug Toxicity
A
- Mediated by overdose
- Extensions of therapeutic effect
5
Q
Allergic Reaction
A
- Mediated by immune system
- Prior sensitization to drug
- Mast cells release chemical mediators
- Intensity independent from dose size
6
Q
Common Drug Allergies
A
- Penicillin
- Sulfonamides
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID)
7
Q
Idiosyncratic Reaction
A
- Rare & unpredictable
- Genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes/drug transport protein
8
Q
Carcinogenic Effects
A
- Ability of drug to cause cancer
- Difficult to determine (long time period)
9
Q
Drug Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
A
- Prevent spontaneous absorption
- High risk pregnancies
- Female offspring develop vaginal/uterine cancer
10
Q
Mutagenic Effects
A
- Ability of drug to change DNA
- Also carcinogenic/teratogenic
- Tested for mutagens by AMES test
11
Q
AMES Test
A
- Ability of drug to cause mutation
- Within specialized bacteria strains
12
Q
Teratogenic Effects
A
- Birth defects/impair fertility
- Sensitivity changes during development
- 1st trimester highest risk for malformation
13
Q
Common Organ Toxicity
A
- Lungs
- Heart
- Liver
- Muscle
- Inner ear
14
Q
Hepatotoxicity
A
- Toxic metabolites cause liver injury
15
Q
Hepatotoxicity Signs
A
- Jaundice
- Dark urine
- Light coloured stool
- Nausea/vomit
16
Q
Testing Liver Function
A
- Measuring blood levels of AST & ALT
- Liver enzymes show high blood conc when injured
17
Q
QT Interval Prolongation
A
- Time for ventricle repolarization
- Risk to develop ventricular arrhythmia
18
Q
Risk Populations of QT Interval Prolongation
A
- Predisposed arrhythmias
- Bradycardia
- Heart failure
- Low potassium
- Women
19
Q
Drug Withdrawal
A
- Slow wean to avoid adverse reactions
- Consequences of stopping medication
20
Q
Types of Medication Errors
A
- Prescribing
- Dispensing
- Administration
- Patient education
- Patient
21
Q
Prescribing Error
A
- Wrong drug
- Wrong dose
- Wrong route of admin
22
Q
Dispensing Error
A
- Pharmacist mistake
23
Q
Administration Error
A
- Incorrect dose/drug
- Patient or professional can make error
24
Q
Patient Education Error
A
- Literacy/language barriers
- Unable to comprehend instructions
25
Q
Patient Error
A
- Improperly follows instructions
26
Q
Drug Naming
A
- Many drugs similar
- More likely to cause medication errors
- 15% of all errors
- Increased with poor language/literacy
