MODULE 6 MULTI-CHOICE Flashcards
- Pathogenicity is
(a) the ability of the host to inflict damage on the pathogen
(b) the ability of the host to resist damage by the pathogen
(c) the ability of the pathogen to inflict damage on the host
(d) the ability of a pathogen to cause septicemia
(e) all of the above.
THE ABILITY OF THE PATHOGEN TO INFLICT DAMAGE ON THE HOST
- The site or natural environmental location in which a pathogen normally resides is called a
(a) Source
(b) Reservoir
(c) Vector
(d) Resource
RESERVOIR
- A ________________ is a disease that primarily infects animals but can be transmitted to humans.
(a) nosocomial infection
(b) zoonosis
(c) vector infection
(d) fomite
ZOONOSIS
- A virulence factor is one which
(a) allows a microbe to invade and establish itself on the host
(b) allows a host to evade infection
(c) normal flora use against invading microorganisms
(d) invading organisms use against normal flora
ALLOWS A MICROBE TO INVADE AND ESTABLISH ITSELF ON THE HOST
- The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is
(a) host to host.
(b) a common source.
(c) insect vector.
(d) mechanical vector.
A COMMON SOURCE
- Dengue fever virus is spread via a mosquito in which part of its life cycle must take place. This makes the mosquito a/an:
(a) Symbiont
(b) Reservoir
(c) Vector
(d) Fomite
VECTOR
- Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of dental caries (tooth decay):
(a) Escherichia coli
(b) Streptococcus mutans
(c) Bacillus cereus
(d) Staphylococcus aureus
(e) All of the above
STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
- An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between hosts is most appropriately called a
(a) fomite.
(b) carrier.
(c) vector.
(d) reservoir.
FOMITE
- The primary disease reservoir for plague is
(a) fleas.
(b) humans.
(c) rats.
(d) mosquitoes.
RATS
- Which of the following is not a characteristic of a successful pathogen:
(a) Transmissibility
(b) Adherence to host cells
(c) Invasion of host cells
(d) Ability to evade host’s immune system
(e) All are characteristics
ALL ARE CHARACTERISTICS
- Tuberculosis is by:
(a) Common source transmission
(b) Direct host-to-host transmission
(c) Indirect host-to-host transmission
(d) Vector transmission
(e) Fomite transmission
DIRECT HOST-TO-HOST TRANSMISSION
- The causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as “strep throat,” and numerous other diseases is
(a) Streptococcus mutans.
(b) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
(c) Streptococcus pyogenes.
(d) Streptococcus lactis.
STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
- Clostridium tetani is a gram- ________ rod that produces an ________.
(a) negative / endotoxin
(b) negative / exotoxin
(c) positive endospore-forming / exotoxin
(d) positive endospore-forming / endotoxin
POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING/EXOTOXIN
- Which of these is an example of a common-source epidemic?
(a) A single case of H1N1 influenza is reported in a small town.
(b) A prison has a higher rate of tuberculosis than is typical.
(c) A number of children show up at school with measles.
(d) Several cases of food poisoning from a wedding.
(e) A local hospital sees cases of several different “staph” infections in a week
SEVERAL CASES OF FOOD POISONING FROM A WEDDING.
- Following antibiotic therapy, patients are often administered ________ to facilitate recolonizaton of normal flora.
(a) fluoride
(b) iron
(c) probiotics
(d) antivirals
PROBIOTICS
- ________ are toxic proteins released from the pathogen as it grows.
(a) Endotoxins
(b) Exotoxins
(c) Macrotoxins
(d) Microtoxins
EXOTOXINS
- Specifically, what type of exotoxin binds one portion to the host cell receptor while another portion enters the cell with enzyme activity that causes the toxicity?
(a) AB toxin
(b) Endotoxin
(c) Enterotoxin
(d) Cytolytic toxin
(e) Superantigen toxin
AB TOXIN
- Cytolytic toxins
(a) are extracellular proteins.
(b) cause cell lysis and death.
(c) damage host cytoplasmic membrane.
(d) All of the above.
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- Endotoxins are
(a) A-B toxins.
(b) The polysaccharide portion of the gram-negative outer membrane.
(c) Associated with gram-positive bacteria.
(d) The lipid A portion of the gram-negative outer membrane.
(e) Excreted from the cell.
THE LIPID A PORTION OF THE GRAM-NEGATIVE OUTER MEMBRANE.
- Consider Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella enterica. What do these bacteria have in common?
(a) All are rod shaped
(b) All are gram-positive
(c) All are gram negative
(d) All produce endotoxins
(e) All produce enterotoxins
ALL PRODUCE ENTEROTOXINS
- Which of the following are NOT found in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans?
(a) Bacteroides
(b) Clostridium
(c) Escherichia coli
(d) Staphylococcus
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
- Which body site is preferentially infected by foodborne pathogens?
(a) gastrointestinal tract
(b) respiratory tract
(c) cerebrospinal fluid
(d) liver
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
- Which of the following is an important factor in the development of dental caries?
(a) high salt diet
(b) high sugar diet
(c) high acid diet
(d) low salt diet
HIGH SUGAR DIET
- In bubonic plague, buboes are swellings formed in the lymph nodes and filled with
(a) Yersinia pestis
(b) Rickettsia prowazekii
(c) Xenopsylla cheopis
(d) Clostridium tetani
(e) Legionella pneumophila
YERSINIA PESTIS
- Biofilms are a problem in human health because:
(a) They protect pathogens from antimicrobial substances
(b) They protect pathogens from the immune system
(c) They are very difficult to remove once established
(d) The can increase the virulence of pathogens
(e) All of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat
(a) Viral infections.
(b) Gram-negative bacterial infections.
(c) Gram-positive bacterial infections.
(d) Protozoan infections.
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- Tetanus develops from a puncture wound because
(a) endospores germinate in anoxic conditions
(b) the organism gains access to the circulatory system and then invades the nervous system
(c) the organism digests deep connective tissues
(d) the organism needs access to the circulatory system and deep connective tissues
ENDOSPORES GERMINATE IN ANOXIC CONDITIONS.
- Legionella pneumophila is generally transmitted by
(a) contaminated food
(b) contaminated drinking water
(c) contaminated water in coolers, air conditioners, other domestic water systems
(d) person-to-person contact
CONTAMINATED WATER IN COOLERS, AIR CONDITIONERS, OTHER DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEMS.
- Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that
(a) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate.
(b) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water and waste sanitation measures.
(c) is spread through direct contact and has only a human reservoir.
(d) has recently emerged due to overcrowding in urban centers.
SPREADS FROM A COMMON SOURCE AND COULD BE CONTROLLED WITH ADEQUATE CLEAN WATER AND WASTE SANITATION MEASURES.
- “Food poisoning” should be suspected with persons who shared food within the previous 1-6 hours, and share the signs and symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Typically, this is due to
(a) Infection
(b) Intoxication
(c) Salmonellosis
(d) Inebriation
INTOXICATION
