MODULE 5 MULTI-CHOICE Flashcards
- Which of the following is the highest level of classification?
(a) Order
(b) Genus
(c) Species
(d) Class
(e) Family
CLASS
- When characterising a bacterium, which of the following is not an assessment of phenotypic characteristics:
(a) Gram stains
(b) Lipid profiling
(c) Mole percentage guanine + cytosine
(d) Arrangement of cells
(e) Antigenic properties
MOLE PERCENTAGE GUANINE + CYTOSINE
- Which of the following is a metabolic characteristic used in microbial classification?
(a) Endospore shape and location
(b) % DNA similarity
(c) Fermentation products
(d) Gram stain result
(e) Any of the above
FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
- Which of the following is universally distributed, functionally constant, and best used for taxonomic analysis?
(a) Cell walls
(b) Enzymes
(c) Ribosomes
(d) Cytochromes
(e) Any of the above
RIBOSOMES
- You have isolated a Gram-positive rod. What would be the best test to do next?
(a) Gram stain
(b) Endospore stain
(c) Glucose fermentation
(d) Flagella stain
(e) Oxidase test
ENDOSPORE STAIN
- The earliest stromatolites were probably:
(a) Anoxygenic phototrophs
(b) Oxygenic phototrophs
(c) Anoxygenic heterotrophs
(d) Oxygenic heterotrophs
(e) None of the above
ANOXYGENIC PHOTOTROPHS
- Classical or conventional taxonomy includes:
(a) Gram reactions
(b) Biochemical tests
(c) Enzyme reactions
(d) Nutritional requirements
(e) All of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- At present, the origins of life on Earth are believed to have been a result of:
(a) Spontaneous generation
(b) An accumulation of prebiotic compounds over time
(c) Endosymbiosis
(d) The development of oxygen in the atmosphere
(e) The arrival of extraterrestrial life
AN ACCUMULATION OF PREBIOTIC COMPOUNDS OVER TIME
- Microorganisms inhabiting environments closest to those on primitive Earth are:
(a) Bacteria
(b) Eukarya
(c) Archaea
(d) Protozoa
(e) Fungi
ARCHAEA
- These days the most useful evolutionary chronometer is considered to be:
(a) DNA
(b) ATPase
(c) Ribosomal RNA
(d) Cytochrome C
(e) Fossil records
RIBOSOMAL RNA
- The first organisms to evolve on Earth were most likely which group:
(a) Hyperthermophiles
(b) Methanogens
(c) Extreme halophiles
(d) Psychrophiles
(e) Aerobes
HYPERTHERMOPHILES
- Which of the following is not a group belonging to the domain Archaea:
(a) Spirochetes
(b) Methanogens
(c) Psychrophiles
(d) Hyperthermophiles
(e) Extreme halophiles
SPIROCHETES
- Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms within the
(a) Bacterial phylum Proteobacteria
(b) Archaeal phylum Crenarchaeota
(c) Bacterial phylum Cyanobacteria
(d) Archaeal phylum Euryarchaota
BACTERIAL PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA
- The eukaryotic functional equivalent of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA is the
(a) 5S rRNA
(b) 16S rRNA
(c) 18S rRNA
(d) 23S rRNA
(e) 30S rRNA
18S rRNA
- The first catalytic and self-replication biological molecule was most likely
(a) RNA
(b) DNA
(c) proteins
(d) ATP
(e) A cytochrome
RNA
- If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude that:
(a) They will have the same cellular morphology
(b) They live in the same place
(c) They will have the same biochemical characteristics
(d) They evolved from a common ancestor
(e) All of the above
THEY EVOLVED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR
- Because DNA:DNA hybridization (DNA homology) reveals subtle differences in genes, it is useful for differentiating organisms from different
(a) domains
(b) families
(c) orders
(d) strains or species
STRAINS OR SPECIES
- You are studying 12 new isolates from the human skin. The isolates have 16S rRNA sequences that are 98% similar and share important phenotypic traits. Their genomes have 55% of their genes in common. The isolates would most likely be
(a) classified as individual strains of the same species.
(b) classified as individual species of the same genus.
(c) split into different families.
(d) classified as the same species if they can mate via conjugation.
CLASSIFIED AS INDIVIDUAL STRAINS OF THE SAME SPECIES.
- According to the endosymbiotic theory:
(a) The nucleus of eukaryotes developed from a prokaryote that lost metabolic capabilities but maintained genetic material
(b) Multicellular organisms evolved when primitive cells incorporated prokaryotes
(c) Chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes began as prokaryotes
(d) RNA became enclosed in lipoprotein vesicles to become early cellular life
CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA OF EUKARYOTES BEGAN AS PROKARYOTES.
- The presence of which factor on a planet or moon would most increase the belief that it could contain extraterrestrial life:
(a) Water below the surface
(b) Inorganic oxides in soils
(c) Methane in the atmosphere
(d) Organic compounds
(e) Any of the above
ANY OF THE ABOVE
- The earliest nucleic acid was probably:
(a) A simple single stranded DNA molecule
(b) A double stranded DNA molecule
(c) An RNA molecule
(d) A different molecule to DNA and RNA
AN RNA MOLECULE
- Archaea contain all of the following except:
(a) Psychrophiles
(b) Hyperthermophiles
(c) Methanogens
(d) Pathogens
(e) Extreme halophiles
PATHOGENS
- Escherichia coli belongs to the
(a) Proteobacteria
(b) Gram-positive bacteria
(c) Green sulfur bacteria
(d) Spirochetes
(e) Actinomycetes.
PROTEOBACTERIA
- Which group within Proteobacteria that contains intestinal rods such as Salmonella:
(a) Pseudomonads
(b) Enteric bacteria
(c) Purple phototrophic bacteria
(d) Bacilli
(e) Chemolithotrophs
ENTERIC BACTERIA
- Mycoplasma are unusual bacteria because they have:
(a) No outer membrane
(b) No cell membrane
(c) No cell wall
(d) No nuclear membrane
(e) Mycolic acids in their cell wall
NO CELL WALL
- Streptomyces within Actinobacteria are one of the most important bacteria for humans because:
(a) They produce extremely potent neurotoxins in infections
(b) They produce antibiotics
(c) They produce dairy foods such as cheese and yogurt
(d) The cause a wide range of diseases
(e) None of the above
THEY PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS
- Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterium medically because it can:
(a) Be resistant to antibiotics
(b) Cause a range of hospital acquired infections
(c) Produce a number of toxins
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) All of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- An important characteristic of Mycobacteria is that they:
(a) Are hydrophilic
(b) Have no cell wall
(c) Are intracellular parasites
(d) Have mycolic acids in their cell wall
(e) None of the above
HAVE MYCOLIC ACIDS IN THEIR CELL WALL
- Lactic acid bacteria are an important group of bacteria because all of the members:
(a) Ferment lactic acid
(b) Can be used as probiotics
(c) Are pathogenic
(d) Produce a range of fermented foods
(e) Produce lactic acid
PRODUCE LACTIC ACID
- Which of the following is the best reason to classify Staphylococcus in the Bacilli class of Firmicutes?
(a) Gram reaction
(b) Morphology
(c) Fermentation of lactose to lactic acid
(d) rRNA sequences
(e) Endospore formation
rRNA SEQUENCES
- Archaea contain all of the following except:
(a) Psychrophiles
(b) Hyperthermophiles
(c) Methanogens
(d) Pathogens
(e) Extreme halophiles
PATHOGENS
- Borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme disease and belongs to the phylum Spirochaetes. Besides phylogenic similarity, another important characteristic that this organism has in common with all spirochaetes is:
(a) Producing endospores
(b) Possessing an outer sheath and axial filament
(c) Being pathogenic
(d) Being an obligate intracellular parasite
(e) Being transmitted by ticks
POSSESSING AN OUTER SHEATH AND AXIAL FILAMENT
- The genus Clostridium contains species that are responsible for some dreaded diseases. In which of the diseases occurring in deep wounds is a powerful neurotoxin produced that inhibits the production of glycine leading to uncontrolled muscle contraction and lockjaw?
(a) Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens
(b) Food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens
(c) Tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani
(d) Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum
(e) Food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum
TETANUS CAUSED BY CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
- Which phylum harbors the most functional diversity observed and also has the most cultured representatives?
(a) Actinobacteria
(b) Bacteroidetes
(c) Firmicutes
(d) Proteobacteria
(e) Crenarchaeota
PROTEOBACTERIA
- Which of the following genera are important endospore-forming bacteria found in most anaerobic environments?
(a) Salmonella
(b) Corynebacteria
(c) Bacillus
(d) Clostridium
(e) Mycobacterium
CLOSTRIDIUM
