Module 6 - Keywords Flashcards
Kekulé model
The model of benzene which shows alternating and fluctuation single and double bonds
Delocalised electrons
Electrons within a species which are not associated with a particular atom or bond
Hydrogenation
Adding hydrogen
Electrophilic substitution
Replacement of hydrogen on a benzene ring
Halogen carrier
Iron/iron halide/aluminium halide - used in Friedel-Crafts reaction
Fridel-Craft
A reaction which forms a C-C bond to a benzene ring
Phenol
Benzene ring with an OH group attached to the ring
Cyanide
CΞN group
Electron donating groups
Electron rich groups like OH and NH2 which direct towards positions 2 and 4 on the benzene ring
Electron withdrawing groups
Electron poor groups like NO2 which direct towards position 3 on the benzene ring
Nucleophilic addition
Mechanism for the reaction of carbonyls with HCN and NaBH4
2,4-DNPH
2,4-dinitrophenolhydrazine, forms an orange ppt on reaction with carbonyls the characteristic melting point of which can be used to identify the aldehyde or ketone
Tollens’ reagent
Ammoniacal silver nitrate used in the silver mirror test for an aldehyde
Esterification
Reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catlyst to make esters
Carboxylate
A salt of a carboxylic acid
Acid anhydride
A compound with 2 acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom
Acyl chloride
Homologous series with the functional group COCl
Primary amine
The amine formed when only one of the hydrogens on an ammonia has been replaced by an R group RNH2
Secondary amine
The amine formed when 2 of the hydrogens on an ammonia has been replaced with an R group, R2NH
Amine
The compound formed when one or more of the hydrogens on an ammonia has been replaced with an R group
Nitroarenes
An arene (e.g. benzene) which has had one of its hydrogens replaced by an NO2 (e.g. nitrobenzene)
α-amino acid
A compound with the general formula RCH(NH2)COOH
Optical isomers
Stereoisomers which form non superimposable mirror images due to the oresence of chiral centre(s)
Chiral centre
A carbon which has 4 different groups attached to it
Polyester
A polymer (a chain of repeating units) where the individual units are held together by ester linkages -COO-
Polyamide
A polymer (a chain of repeating units) where the individual units are geld togetger by amide linkages -CONH-
Addition polymerisation
Small unsaturated monomers (monomers with carbon to carbon double bonds) join up by the opening of the doubel bond to allow them to join up to form a long carbon chain
Condensation polymerisation
Polymers formed through a condensation reaction. Molecules join together, losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol
Monomer
Molecules that react together to form polymers
Nitriles
Molecules which contain the -CΞN group
Nucleophilic substitution
The replacement of an electronegative atom/group with a nucleophile
Nucleophilic addition
An addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron deficient or electrophilic π bond, reacts with a nucleophile, to create 2 new single bonds
Recrystallisation
A method used to purify an organic solid. The organic compound is dissolved in the minimum volume of warm solvent and the sample recrystallises as it cools. The impurities must be more soluble in the solvent than the required product
