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Chemistry Year 12/13 > Module 6 - Keywords > Flashcards

Module 6 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Kekulé model

A

The model of benzene which shows alternating and fluctuation single and double bonds

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2
Q

Delocalised electrons

A

Electrons within a species which are not associated with a particular atom or bond

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3
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Adding hydrogen

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4
Q

Electrophilic substitution

A

Replacement of hydrogen on a benzene ring

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5
Q

Halogen carrier

A

Iron/iron halide/aluminium halide - used in Friedel-Crafts reaction

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6
Q

Fridel-Craft

A

A reaction which forms a C-C bond to a benzene ring

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7
Q

Phenol

A

Benzene ring with an OH group attached to the ring

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8
Q

Cyanide

A

CΞN group

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9
Q

Electron donating groups

A

Electron rich groups like OH and NH2 which direct towards positions 2 and 4 on the benzene ring

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10
Q

Electron withdrawing groups

A

Electron poor groups like NO2 which direct towards position 3 on the benzene ring

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11
Q

Nucleophilic addition

A

Mechanism for the reaction of carbonyls with HCN and NaBH4

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12
Q

2,4-DNPH

A

2,4-dinitrophenolhydrazine, forms an orange ppt on reaction with carbonyls the characteristic melting point of which can be used to identify the aldehyde or ketone

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13
Q

Tollens’ reagent

A

Ammoniacal silver nitrate used in the silver mirror test for an aldehyde

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14
Q

Esterification

A

Reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catlyst to make esters

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15
Q

Carboxylate

A

A salt of a carboxylic acid

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16
Q

Acid anhydride

A

A compound with 2 acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom

17
Q

Acyl chloride

A

Homologous series with the functional group COCl

18
Q

Primary amine

A

The amine formed when only one of the hydrogens on an ammonia has been replaced by an R group RNH2

19
Q

Secondary amine

A

The amine formed when 2 of the hydrogens on an ammonia has been replaced with an R group, R2NH

20
Q

Amine

A

The compound formed when one or more of the hydrogens on an ammonia has been replaced with an R group

21
Q

Nitroarenes

A

An arene (e.g. benzene) which has had one of its hydrogens replaced by an NO2 (e.g. nitrobenzene)

22
Q

α-amino acid

A

A compound with the general formula RCH(NH2)COOH

23
Q

Optical isomers

A

Stereoisomers which form non superimposable mirror images due to the oresence of chiral centre(s)

24
Q

Chiral centre

A

A carbon which has 4 different groups attached to it

25
Q

Polyester

A

A polymer (a chain of repeating units) where the individual units are held together by ester linkages -COO-

26
Q

Polyamide

A

A polymer (a chain of repeating units) where the individual units are geld togetger by amide linkages -CONH-

27
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Small unsaturated monomers (monomers with carbon to carbon double bonds) join up by the opening of the doubel bond to allow them to join up to form a long carbon chain

28
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Polymers formed through a condensation reaction. Molecules join together, losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol

29
Q

Monomer

A

Molecules that react together to form polymers

30
Q

Nitriles

A

Molecules which contain the -CΞN group

31
Q

Nucleophilic substitution

A

The replacement of an electronegative atom/group with a nucleophile

32
Q

Nucleophilic addition

A

An addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron deficient or electrophilic π bond, reacts with a nucleophile, to create 2 new single bonds

33
Q

Recrystallisation

A

A method used to purify an organic solid. The organic compound is dissolved in the minimum volume of warm solvent and the sample recrystallises as it cools. The impurities must be more soluble in the solvent than the required product

Chemistry Year 12/13 (18 decks)

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