Module 4 - Keywords Flashcards
IUPAC nomenclature
international naming rules
Organic compounds
Carbon based compounds
General formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series e.g. alkane: CnH2n+2
Structural formula
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Displayed formula
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
Skeletal formula
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from the alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but which each successive member differing by a CH2
Functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
Alkyl group
Has the general formula CnH2n+1
Aliphatic
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic rings
Alicyclic
An aliphatic compound arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains
Aromatic
A compound containing a benzene ring
Saturated
An organic compound containing single carbon-carbon bonds only
Unsaturated
An organic compounds containing multiple carbon-carbon bonds, including C=C, CΞC and/or aromatic rings
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Homolytic fission
Bond breaking where each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair, forming 2 radicals
Heterlytic fission
Bond breaking where each bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair, forming a positive and a negative ion
Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
Reaction mechanism
Diagrams used to show clearly the movement of electron pairs with ‘curly arrows’ and relevant dipoles
σ bonds
The overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms
Complete combustion
A burning reaction where there is sufficient oxygen to oxidise the reagents completely
Incomplete combustion
A burning reaction where there is insufficient oxygen to oxidise the reagents completely.
Radicla substitution
A reaction mechanism involving homolytic fission to produce radicals (initiation) followed by propagation and termination
Substitution
Replacing one atom or group of atoms with another
π bond
Sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
E/Z isomers
Stereoisomers which have 2 different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group - CIP rules are used to prioritise groups
Cis-trans isomerism
Stereoisomers which have 2 different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group and the same group attached to each carbon atom
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules
The rules used to identify the priorities in E and Z stereoisomers
Dihaloalkanes
A compound in whcih 2 of the H of an alkane have been replaced by halogens
Bromine water
Bromine solution. Used to test for unsaturation (decolourised in unsaturated hydrocarbons)
Decolourised
The depth of colour is partially or completely removed
Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
Markownikoff’s rule
Predicts the most likely product of HX substitution reactions with unsymmetrical alkenes (He who has hydrogen gets hydrogen)
Haloalkane
A compound in which one of the hydrogens of an alkane have been replaced by a halogen
Carbocation
An organic cation
Intermediate
A species which is produced in one step of a multistep reaction and then used up
Polymerisation
Monomers react together to make polymers
Polymers
A long chain molecule with repeating units
Addition polymer
Polymer formed when unsaturated carbon molecules join to form polymers. These have 100% atom economy
Sustainable
Meeting the needs of today without impeding the needs of future generations
Organic feedstock
An organic chemical that can be used as a raw material in the production of other materials
Biodegradabe
Broken down by bacteria in the environment to produce non harmful waste products
Photodegradable
Broken down by light in the environment to produce non harmful waste products
Alcohol
Contains on -OH group
Volatility
How easy it is for the material to vaporise into a gas
Primary alcohol
A moelcule containing a ‘-CH2OH’ group. Carbon with the OH group is attached to 1 alkyl chain
Secondary alcohol
A molecule containing ‘-CHROH’ group. The carbon with the OH group is attached to 2 alkyl chains
Tertiary alcohol
A molecule containing ‘-CR2OH’. The carbon atom with the OH group has 3 alkyl chains attached to it
Oxidising agent, [O]
A substance which oxidises others e.g. acidified Cr2O72-
Aldehydes
Formed from the partial oxidation of primary alcohols. These carbonyls have the functional group CHO
Ketones
Formed from the oxidation of secondary alcohols. These carbonyls contain the functional group R2CO
Carboxylic acids
Formed from the complete oxidation of primary alcohols. These carbonyl contain the functional group COOH
Reflux
A method of applying constant heat to a mixture without losing any of the liquid to evaporation. A condenser returns evaporated reagents/products to the container
Distillation
Separation of miscible liquids by evaporation and condensation of the products
Hydrolysis
The chemical breakdown of a substance using water
Nucleophile
Electron pair donor
Ozone layer
O3 found in the upper atmosphere
CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons, chemicals which catalyse the breakdown of the ozone layer
Quickfit
A brand of Pyrex lab glassware. It has ground glass joints to allow rearrangement into a variety of uses including distillation and reflux
Separating funnel
Equipment used to separate immiscible liquids
Anhydrous salts
A salt with no water of crystallisation. Can be used as a drying agent
Infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy which uses the characteristic wavelengths of light absorbed by different covalent bonds
Mass spectroscopy
Spectroscopy which uses mass to charge ratios to identify the molecular ion peak and hence find the molecular mass of a substance
Fragmentation peaks
The peaks in a mass spectra caused by fragments of the overall molecule
