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Chemistry Year 12/13 > Module 4 - Keywords > Flashcards

Module 4 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

IUPAC nomenclature

A

international naming rules

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2
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbon based compounds

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3
Q

General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series e.g. alkane: CnH2n+2

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4
Q

Structural formula

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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5
Q

Displayed formula

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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6
Q

Skeletal formula

A

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from the alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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7
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but which each successive member differing by a CH2

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8
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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9
Q

Alkyl group

A

Has the general formula CnH2n+1

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10
Q

Aliphatic

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic rings

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11
Q

Alicyclic

A

An aliphatic compound arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains

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12
Q

Aromatic

A

A compound containing a benzene ring

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13
Q

Saturated

A

An organic compound containing single carbon-carbon bonds only

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14
Q

Unsaturated

A

An organic compounds containing multiple carbon-carbon bonds, including C=C, CΞC and/or aromatic rings

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15
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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16
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Bond breaking where each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair, forming 2 radicals

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17
Q

Heterlytic fission

A

Bond breaking where each bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair, forming a positive and a negative ion

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18
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron

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19
Q

Reaction mechanism

A

Diagrams used to show clearly the movement of electron pairs with ‘curly arrows’ and relevant dipoles

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20
Q

σ bonds

A

The overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Complete combustion

A

A burning reaction where there is sufficient oxygen to oxidise the reagents completely

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23
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

A burning reaction where there is insufficient oxygen to oxidise the reagents completely.

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24
Q

Radicla substitution

A

A reaction mechanism involving homolytic fission to produce radicals (initiation) followed by propagation and termination

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25
Q

Substitution

A

Replacing one atom or group of atoms with another

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26
Q

π bond

A

Sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

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27
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space

28
Q

E/Z isomers

A

Stereoisomers which have 2 different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group - CIP rules are used to prioritise groups

29
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

Stereoisomers which have 2 different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group and the same group attached to each carbon atom

30
Q

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules

A

The rules used to identify the priorities in E and Z stereoisomers

31
Q

Dihaloalkanes

A

A compound in whcih 2 of the H of an alkane have been replaced by halogens

32
Q

Bromine water

A

Bromine solution. Used to test for unsaturation (decolourised in unsaturated hydrocarbons)

33
Q

Decolourised

A

The depth of colour is partially or completely removed

34
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

35
Q

Markownikoff’s rule

A

Predicts the most likely product of HX substitution reactions with unsymmetrical alkenes (He who has hydrogen gets hydrogen)

36
Q

Haloalkane

A

A compound in which one of the hydrogens of an alkane have been replaced by a halogen

37
Q

Carbocation

A

An organic cation

38
Q

Intermediate

A

A species which is produced in one step of a multistep reaction and then used up

39
Q

Polymerisation

A

Monomers react together to make polymers

40
Q

Polymers

A

A long chain molecule with repeating units

41
Q

Addition polymer

A

Polymer formed when unsaturated carbon molecules join to form polymers. These have 100% atom economy

42
Q

Sustainable

A

Meeting the needs of today without impeding the needs of future generations

43
Q

Organic feedstock

A

An organic chemical that can be used as a raw material in the production of other materials

44
Q

Biodegradabe

A

Broken down by bacteria in the environment to produce non harmful waste products

45
Q

Photodegradable

A

Broken down by light in the environment to produce non harmful waste products

46
Q

Alcohol

A

Contains on -OH group

47
Q

Volatility

A

How easy it is for the material to vaporise into a gas

48
Q

Primary alcohol

A

A moelcule containing a ‘-CH2OH’ group. Carbon with the OH group is attached to 1 alkyl chain

49
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

A molecule containing ‘-CHROH’ group. The carbon with the OH group is attached to 2 alkyl chains

50
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

A molecule containing ‘-CR2OH’. The carbon atom with the OH group has 3 alkyl chains attached to it

51
Q

Oxidising agent, [O]

A

A substance which oxidises others e.g. acidified Cr2O72-

52
Q

Aldehydes

A

Formed from the partial oxidation of primary alcohols. These carbonyls have the functional group CHO

53
Q

Ketones

A

Formed from the oxidation of secondary alcohols. These carbonyls contain the functional group R2CO

54
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Formed from the complete oxidation of primary alcohols. These carbonyl contain the functional group COOH

55
Q

Reflux

A

A method of applying constant heat to a mixture without losing any of the liquid to evaporation. A condenser returns evaporated reagents/products to the container

56
Q

Distillation

A

Separation of miscible liquids by evaporation and condensation of the products

57
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical breakdown of a substance using water

58
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

59
Q

Ozone layer

A

O3 found in the upper atmosphere

60
Q

CFCs

A

Chlorofluorocarbons, chemicals which catalyse the breakdown of the ozone layer

61
Q

Quickfit

A

A brand of Pyrex lab glassware. It has ground glass joints to allow rearrangement into a variety of uses including distillation and reflux

62
Q

Separating funnel

A

Equipment used to separate immiscible liquids

63
Q

Anhydrous salts

A

A salt with no water of crystallisation. Can be used as a drying agent

64
Q

Infrared spectroscopy

A

Spectroscopy which uses the characteristic wavelengths of light absorbed by different covalent bonds

65
Q

Mass spectroscopy

A

Spectroscopy which uses mass to charge ratios to identify the molecular ion peak and hence find the molecular mass of a substance

66
Q

Fragmentation peaks

A

The peaks in a mass spectra caused by fragments of the overall molecule

67
Q
A

Chemistry Year 12/13 (18 decks)

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