Module 6 - Intro to articulations Flashcards
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between an articulation’s range of motion and inherent stability?
-Ligaments provide additional support for a joint.
-All vertebral articulations permit the motions of flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
-The shoulder permits a wide range of motion, but it is the most likely to become dislocated.
-The bursae cushion the joint, allowing greater movement with less friction.
The shoulder permits a wide range of motion, but it is the most likely to become dislocated (more mobility=less stable)
synovial fluid
provides lubrication to reduce friction between the bones of the joint
Some joints contain fat pads. What is the purpose of these structures?
To protect articular cartilages in the joint.
Small, synovial fluid filled pockets in connective tissue are called:
bursae
A joint that permits free movement is called:
a diarthrosis
Axial Skeleton
-The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back
-serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs
Appendicular Skeleton
-includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton
-126 bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult
Bony Markings
articulations, attachments/projections, depressions, and openings
Muscle and ligament attachments
crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
Crest
narrow ridge of bone; ex. Iliac crest
Epicondyle
projection above a condyle; medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus and femur
Line
slight, elongated ridge; temporal lines of the parietal bones
Process
prominent projection on a bone; transverse process of vertebra
Spine
sharp process; ischial spine
Trochanter
A large, rough projection (femur)
Tubercle
small, rounded process; tubercle of humerus
Tuberosity
rough surface; deltoid tuberosity
Articulating surfaces
Condyle, Facet, Head
Condyle
rounded surface; occipital condyles
Facet
flat surface; vertebrae
Head
prominent rounded surface; headed of femur
Depressions
Fossa, Sulcus, Groove
Fossa
elongated basin; mandibular fossa
Sulcus
groove; sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones
Groove
a furrow in the bone;
Openings/Spaces
Fissure, Foramen, Notch, Canal, Meatus
Fissure
slit through the bone; auricular fissure
Foramen
hole through the bone; foramen magnum in the occipital bone
Notch
indentation at the edge of a bone; trochlear notch located on the ulna bone in the forearm
Canal
passage in the bone; auditory canal
Meatus
opening into canal; external auditory meatus
Synovial Joint
Articulating bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity; all synovial joints are functionally classified as a diarthrosis joint.
Articular capsule
-a fibrous connective tissue structure attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface.
-a synovial joint
-two layers
-outer fibrous layer made of dense regular connective tissue
-Provide structural stability to the joint
-Inner synovial membrane
-Secrete synovial fluid into the joint
Fibrous layer
outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey’s fibers that secure to bone matrix
Synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
Joint cavity
-contains synovial fluid
-filtrate of blood
-nourish and lubricate the joint and cartilage
Articular Cartilage
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone; reduces friction and acts as shock
absorber
Ligament
strong bands of fibrous connective tissue; capsules and ligaments prevent excessive motions so the more ligaments, usually the
stronger and more stable the joint
Sprain
stretching or tearing of ligaments
Bursae
-Sacs containing synovial fluid
-Reduce friction between tendons passing over joints
Fat pad
serve as a cushion between the bones, fill in spaces, also provide some protection
Tendon sheath
-Elongated bursae around tendons
-Reduce friction between tendons passing over bone
Uniaxial
-pivot joint, hinge joint
-rotation or angular motion
Multiaxial
-ball and socket joint
-rotation
-angular motion
-circumduction
Transverse axis
a horizonal cut through the body seperating the top and bottom portion
Anteroposterior axis
perpendicular to the frontal plane
Vertical axis
the same cut as the sagittal plane; separating body left and right
Plane joints
-bones glide against each other; intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
-nonaxial
Hinge joints
-allows flexion and extension motions along a single axis
-elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints between the phalanx bones of the fingers and toes.
-uniaxial
Pivot joints
-a rounded portion of a bone is enclosed within a ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone and partially by a ligament, the bone rotates within this ring
-C1 and C2 allow neck to move
Condylar joints
-a type of joint where an oval-shaped bone surface fits into a complementary depression on another bone, allowing movement in two directions (like up/down and side to side) but not full rotation
-the wrist joint (radiocarpal joint), metatarsophalangeal joints (in the toes), atlanto-occipital joint (in the neck), and the carpometacarpal joints (in the hand)
Saddle joints
-both of the articulating surfaces for the bones have a saddle shape, which is concave in one direction and convex in the other. This allows the two bones to fit together like a rider sitting on a saddle
-biaxial
-carpometacarpal joint, between the trapezium (a carpal bone) and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb; thumb joint
Ball-and-socket joints
- shoulder and hip
-multiaxial (have greatest range of motion)
-rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone
Gliding
-occurs in plane joints
-one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Angular motion
-Flexion-Extension
-Abduction-Adduction
-Circumduction
Flexion
-sagittal plane
-bending a joint
Extension
-sagittal plane
-straightening of the joint
Abduction
-motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (frontal) plane of movement
-Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
-motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (frontal) plane of movement
-movement of a body part toward the body’s midline
Circumduction
-movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions.
-occur at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints
Rotation
Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body
Medial rotation
rotation toward the midline
Lateral rotation
rotation away from the midline
Special movements
-Depression-Elevation
-Dorsiflexion-Plantar flexion
-Inversion-Eversion
-Protraction-Retraction
-Opposition-Reposition
Depression
lowering a part (drooping the shoulders, opening mouth)
Elevation
superior movement of body part (raising shoulders)
Protraction
moving a part forward (thrusting the chin/mandible forward)
Retraction
moving a part backward (pulling the chin/mandible backward)
Supination
-movement of forearm
-movement that turns the palm up
Pronation
-movement of forearm
-turning the palm downward
Dorsiflexion
-movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint
-Lifting the front of the foot so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion
-only movements available at the ankle joint
Plantarflexion
-movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint
-lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion
-only movements available at the ankle joint
Inversion
-the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline
-foot has a greater range of inversion than eversion motion
-help stabilize the foot when walking or running on an uneven surface and aid in the quick side-to-side changes in direction
Eversion
-turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline
-help stabilize the foot when walking or running on an uneven surface and aid in the quick side-to-side changes in direction
Opposition
allows thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand (opposable thumb)
Articulation
-where two bone surfaces come together (articulus = “joint”)
-tend to conform to one another, such as one being rounded and the other cupped, to facilitate the function of the articulation
nonaxial
-plane joint
-gliding
Biaxial
-saddle joint, condylar joint
-angular motion
When a motion occurs in the sagittal plane, where does the movement occur?
the tranverse axis
When a motion occurs in the frontal (coronal) plane, where does the movement occur?
anteroposterior axis
When a motion occurs in the transverse plane, where does the movement occur?
vertical axis
Reposition
returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger
