Module 13 - Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs in which circuit?
the pulmonary
Blood that is transported to and from all of the tissues of the body (with the EXCEPTION of the lungs) is in the ________.
systemic circuit
What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?
to keep the artrioventricular valves from prolapsing, preventing reguritation of blood back into the atria
Put blood flow in order
- Right atrium
- Right AV (tricuspid) valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Lungs for oxygenation
- Pulmonary veins
- Left atrium
- Left AV (bicuspid, mitral) valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Aorta
- Body tissues
- Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus
What is the Interventricular septum?
the wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left ventricles
What are the trabeculae carneae?
the ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium located in the walls of the ventricles
What is the Interatrial septum?
the wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left atria
What do the papillary muscles do?
they connect to the chordae tendinae and contract to help prevent the AV valves from prolapsing
What is the auricle?
a superficial extension of the atria near the superior surface of the heart
What are the pectinate muscles?
they are parallel muscular ridges in the right atrium; can stretch and improve the voluminous nature of right atrium
The right ventricle has _______ muscular walls than does the left ventricle
thinner
Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure because it can contract with the most strength?
the left ventricle
A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would cause a back-up of blood and limit blood from leaving which chamber of the heart?
the right ventricle
What are the two linked circuits in the cardiovascular system?
-pulmonary circulation
-systemic circulation
Describe pulmonary circulation:
transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation
Describe systemic circulation:
transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circuit
Within the mediastinum, the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the _______
pericardium
What are the two sub layers of the pericardium?
-fibrous pericardium
-seraous pericardium
What is the tough outer layer made of dense connective tissue that protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax?
the fibrous pericardium
What is the inner layer of the pericardium with parietal and visceral layers?
the seraous pericardium
What is the outer layer of the serous pericardium, and it is fused to the fibrous pericardium?
the parietal pericardium; yes
What is the inner layer lines the heart itself?
the visceral pericardium
What is the thin space within this sac that the parietal and visceral pericardium form that is is filled with lubricating serous fluid that cushions and reduces friction on the heart as it beats?
the pericardial cavity
What is the apex?
the inferior tip of the heart, the apex, lies just to the left of the sternum
What do the left and right atrium do?
they are the upper chambers that act as a receiving chamber and contract to push blood into the lower chambers
What do the left and right ventricles do?
they serve as the primary pumping chambers of the heart, propelling blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body.
The ______ ______ serves as the receiving chamber for blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation
right atrium
What does the right ventricle do?
receives blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular, or tricuspid valve
After exchange of gases in the pulmonary capillaries, blood returns to the _____ _____ high in oxygen via one of the four pulmonary vein
left atrium
What is the major pumping chamber for the systemic circuit that ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve?
the left ventricle
What structure exists between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
What structure is located at the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle?
the left atrioventricular (bicuspid, mitral) valve
The pulmonary semilunar valve functions to do what?
it lies at the base of the pulmonary trunk and prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk
The aortic semilunar valve functions to do what?
At the base of the aorta and prevents backflow from the aorta
What are the muscular walls located between chambers of the heart?
the septa
What structure is between the atria, containing the fossa ovalis in the adult heart, the remnant the fetal opening called the foramen ovale?
interatrial septum
What structure is between the ventricles and is substantially thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles generate far greater pressure when they contract?
interventricular septum
What is the epicardium?
the outer layer of the heart, also the innermost layer of the serous pericardium (the visceral pericardium)
What is is the middle and thickest of the heart wall?
myocardium
What contributes significantly to the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively?
the swirling/figure 8 pattern around the atria and ventricles
What is the endocardium?
the inner layer of the heart wall that lines the internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves; made up of simple squamous epithelium
The coronary sulcus:
separates atria from ventricles
What structure allows blood to move directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, avoiding the pulmonary circuit?
a shunt connecting the right and left atria called the foramen ovale
What structure connects and diverts blood directly from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This ensures that only a small volume of oxygenated blood passes through the immature pulmonary circuit?
a second shunt, the ductus arteriosus,
What does the foramen ovale turn into?
fossa ovalis
What does the ductus arteriosus turn into?
the ligamentum arteriosum
Describe blood pressure:
- force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessel
-changes with each stage of heart beat - is essential to circulate blood throughout the body
What is the period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation?
systole
What is the period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood?
diastole
What supplies blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart?
The coronary arteries
The _____ coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum?
left
The ________ artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left to supply the left atrium and ventricle?
circumflex
The Anterior interventricular artery (LAD)
supplies that anterior aspect of the ventricles and the interventricular septum
The _____ coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system.
right
The ______ _______ _______ supplies blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle.
right marginal artery
On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives rise to the _______ ____________ ______, also known as the posterior descending artery. It runs along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart, suppling the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles.
posterior interventricular artery
Coronary veins:
veins drain the heart and generally parallel the arteries
The _______ ______ ______ parallels the anterior interventricular artery and drains the areas supplied by this vessel
great cardiac vein
The _______ _______ _______ parallels and drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular artery.
middle cardiac vein
The ________ _______ _______ parallels the right coronary artery and drains the blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle.
small cardiac vein
The _______ _______ is a large, thin-walled vein on the posterior surface of the heart lying within the atrioventricular sulcus and emptying directly into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
The coronary veins drain into the?
coronary sinus
Cardiac muscle has the ability to initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contractile mechanism. This property is known as _________?
autorhythmicity
The gap junctions and intercalated discs of the cardio myocytes do what?
they allow the signal to propagate easily and quickly from cell to cell, helping the myocytes contract synchronously
Function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
how normal cardiac rhythm is established; is the pacemaker of the heart. It initiates the sinus rhythm, or normal electrical pattern followed by contraction of the heart
What are internodal pathways?
the three pathways of the electrical conduction system found in the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node to the AV node
What structure regulates the electrical signal between the atria and ventricles and includes a critical pause
atrioventricular (AV) node
What is the AV bundle?
The structure along which the AV node rapidly transmits its signal to the ventricular tissues
Purkinje fibers:
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles and transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
As the _______ _______ reaches the superior surface of the heart, it curves posteriorly and rapidly bifurcates (divides) into two branches, a left and a right pulmonary artery.
pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary arteries do what?
branch many times within the lung and carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
The _____ is the largest artery in the body. It arises from the left ventricle.
aorta
The _________ _______ moves in a superior direction for approximately 5 cm. Then it reverses direction, forming an arc to the left, called the ______ ______
ascending aorta; aortic arch
When the aortic arch runs inferiorly a short distance, it then becomes the __________ _______. It travels just anterior and to the left of the to the vertebral bodies and passes through an opening in the diaphragm
descending aorta
Superior to the diaphragm, it is called the _____ ______, and inferior to the diaphragm, it is called the _________ ______
thoracic aorta; abdominal aorta
The brachiocephalic artery:
supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck
What is the the first branch off of the aortic arch?
the brachiocephalic trunk
What structures branch off of the ascending aorta? What do they do?
The right and left coronary arteries are the only branches off the ascending aorta. They travel to supply the walls of the heart with blood.
The right common carotid artery ascends to supply the:
right side of the head, neck, and brain.
The right subclavian artery:
travels laterally deep to the clavicle to supply the right upper extremity.
What is the last branch off of the aortic arch that travels laterally deep to the clavicle to supply the left upper extremity?
Left subclavian artery
What is the middle branch off of the aortic arch that ascends to supply the left side of the head, neck, and brain?
the left common carotid artery
What do the renal arteries do?
paired right and left arteries that branch just inferior to the superior mesenteric artery and supply the kidneys.
What are the gonadal arteries?
paired right and left arteries that branch just inferior to the renal arteries to supply blood to the gonads, or reproductive organs. In the testicular artery, and in the female sex it is referred to as the ovarian artery.
What is the gonadal artery in the male reproductive system?
testicular artery
What is the gonadal artery in the female reproductive system?
ovarian artery
Describe the inferior mesenteric artery?
single midline artery that arises a few cm superior to the branching of the abdominal aorta into the common iliac arteries, and it supplies blood to the hindgut organs.
Describe the superior mesenteric artery?
single midline artery that arises just inferior to the celiac trunk and branches into several major vessels that supply blood to the midgut organs
The celiac trunk is responsible for what?
it is a single central, short trunk that branches from the abdominal aorta just inferior to the diaphragm. It branches into three arteries that supply the foregut organs and spleen
The _________ ________ _______ split into external and internal iliac arteries and provide blood to the pelvic region and ultimately to the lower limbs
common iliac arteries
The superior vena cava:
drains blood from regions superior to the diaphragm: the head, neck, upper limbs, and the thoracic region
The inferior vena cava:
travels alongside the descending aorta and drains blood from areas inferior to the diaphragm: the lower limbs and abdominopelvic region of the body.
The anterior interventricular sulcus:
marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly
The posterior interventricular sulcus:
marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly
What is cardiomegaly?
abnormal enlargement of the heart
