Midterm 2 Flashcards
Units 10-18
In the parasympathetic division, the vagus nerve supplies what plexus’?
the cardiac plexus through the SM plexus
In the parasympathetic division, S2-S4 supply which plexus’?
the IM plexus and the hypogastric plexus
The white rami communicantes contains _____ganglionic axons that are ___________. The gray rami communicantes contains _____ganglionic axons that are ____________.
-pre; myleinated (every pathway uses)
-post; unmyelinated (only spinal nerve pathway uses)
For each pathway in the sympathetic division, what levels do they originate?
-spinal nerve pathway: T1-L2
-postganglionic sympathetic pathway: T1-T5
-splanchnic nerve pathway: T5-L2
-adrenal medulla pathway: T8-T12
The adrenal medulla is highly:
vascularized
Where is norephinephrine and epinerphrine realeased from?
postsynaptic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
Which ligament prevents hyperextension (backwards bending) ?
the anterior longitudinal ligament
Which ligaments (4) prevent hyperflexion (forwards bending) ?
-the posterior longitudinal
-ligamentum flavum
-interspinous
-supraspinous
A disc usually herniates into?
the posterior body, pinching nerve roots
What kind of cartilage is costal cartilage composed of?
hyaline
The demifacets on ribs articulate with the?
head of the rib
Between two vertebrae, the rib articulating with the transverse processes is labeled ________. It will be situated _______ to the inferior rib
inferiorly (ex. between vertebrae T8 and T9, the rib would be T9); superiorly
What are dermatomes?
A map of innervation on the body important for mapping pain
Bilateral action of the erector spinae muscles causes what? Unilateral action on these muscles causes what?
extension of the vertebral column; lateral flexion of vertebral column on the same side
Which erector spinae muscle can only fire unilaterally?
the spinalis
Bilateral action of the external oblique causes what? Unilateral action of the external oblique causes what?
flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall; lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of the vertebral column (ex. contraction of right side brings body towards the left)
Bilateral action of the internal oblique causes what? Unilateral action of the internal oblique causes what?
flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall; lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the vertebral column
The dens allows for:
the “no” head movement
The ventral (anterior) foramina is a passageway for:
ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
The transverse foramen is a passageway for the:
vertebral artery
What structures are located in the superior mediastinum?
-thymus
-trachea
-esophagus
-great vessels
-vagus and phrenic nerves
What structures are located in the inferior anterior mediastinum?
-loose CT
-fat
-lymphatic vessels
-some vasculature
What structures are located in the inferior middle mediastinum?
-the heart
-roots of the great vessels
-pericardium
What structures are located in the inferior posterior mediastinum?
-esophagus
-veins
-nerves (phrenic, vagus, thoracic sym trunk)
-thoracic aorta
-lymphatic structures
The pseduostratified ciliated columnar cells are not in what structures?
Pharynx, small bronchi, alveoli
Mucus producing cells are located in:
the nasal cavity and the lower respiratory tract (trapping dust, bacteria)
What do alveolar macrophages do?
they remove the tiniest inhaled particles that makes its way into the alveoli
pneumonia is an accumulation:
of debris in alveoli that prevent efficient gas exchange
The trachea is lined with:
respiratory epithelium
Which lung is slightly smaller?
the left lung
What is an oblique fissure?
it divides the lungs into superior and inferior lobes (both lung have)
Which lung has horizontal fissures?
the right lung
Which primary bronchi is shorter and wider?
the right
How many secondary bronchi are on each side?
3 on the right and two on the let
Each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by:
connective tissue
In the bronchial tree, C-shaped rings are replaced by:
cartilage plates
How does epithelium change as we move down the bronchial tree?
pseudostratified columnar → simple columnar → simple cuboidal → simple squamous
T/F: there is no cartilage in the bronchioles
true
During an asthma attack, there is contraction of the _______ ______, which decreases lumen size (ability to get air)
smooth muscle
The hilum is:
the common entry and exit to the lungs
What is the order of blood supply in the pulmonary circuit?
pulmonary arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium
What four structures of the respiratory system are under autonomic control?
the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
Sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system results in ________________ while parasympathetic stimulation results in ________________
bronchodilation; bronchoconstriction
T/F: both the parietal and visceral layer of the serous membrane can produce a small amount of serous fluid
true
In the respiratory system, the ______ pleura tightly adheres to the outside of the lung while the _______ pleura lines the thoracic wall
visceral; parietal
The visceral pleura is innervated by? The parietal pleura is innervated by?
the pulmonary plexus (autonomic only); the somatic body wall (intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve)
The diaphragm is supplied by the:
phrenic nerve
What muscles elevate the ribs during forced inhalation?
the serratus posterior superior and the external intercostals
What muscles depress the ribs during forced exhalation?
serratus posterior inferior, transversus thoracis, and the internal intercostals
Rotating the torso to the right would involve the _____ external oblique and the _____ internal oblique
left; right
What are the two main musscles firing when we have normal breathing?
the diaphragm and external intercostals
What are the only branches off the ascending aorta?
The right and left coronary arteries
The right coronary artery branches into? What does each supply?
-right marginal artery: supplies the right border of the heart
-posterior interventricular artery (PDA): posterior descending artery that supplies the posterior surface of the left and right ventricles
The left coronary artery branches into? What does each supply?
-anterior interventricular artery (LAD): left anterior descending artery that supples the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum (most pumping chambers are supplied by this except for the posterior side)
-cirucmflex artery: supplies the left atrium and ventricle
What hormone can change force of contraction and which doesn’t?
norepinephrine can change force while acetocholine (parasym) doesn’t.
Where do each of the cardiac veins travel? Where do they drain?
-great cardiac vein: runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery
-middle cardiac vein: runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery
-small cardaic vein: travels close to the right marginal artery
All drain into the coronary sinus and then is received by the right atrium
What do renal arteries supply?
the kidneys
When the atria are contracting the AV valves are ____ and the semilunar valves are _____. When the ventricles are contracting, the AV valves are _____ and the semilunar valves are ______.
-open; closed
-closed; open
In the heart, what does the “lub” and “dup” sounds stand for?
-“lub” = AV valves closing
-“dup” = semilunar valves closing
What is cardiomegaly?
Abnormal enlargement of the heart
What causes aortic regurgitation?
The semilunar valve leaking
