Module 12 - Respiratory System Flashcards
What two zones can the respiratory system be divided into?
-conducting zone
-respiratory zone
What is the conducting zone? What are its functions?
includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange; provides route for incoming and outgoing air, removes debris and pathogens, warms and humidify’s incoming air
What is the respiratory zone? What are its functions?
where gas exchange occurs
The respiratory epithelium is composed of what kind of tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What leads to a runny nose in cold weather?
cold weather slows cilia movement which results in an accumulation of mucus since cilia serve to remove mucus and debris
Filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air occur throughout the conducting portion of the respiratory system, but the greatest changes occur within the:
nasal cavity
What do rings of cartilage do in both the trachea and bronchial tree?
support the structure and prevent their collapse
What is the alveolar sac?
a cluster of many individual alveoli (alveoli responsible for gas exchange)
What do alveolar pores do?
neighbors connected to alveoli; help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung
The respiratory system functions in all, except:
1. gas conditioning
2. olfaction
3. defense
4. sound reception
5. gas exchange
- sound reception (sound PRODUCTION is correct)
What is the lungs main function?
to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere; exchange across extensive epithelial surface highly permeable to gases
Gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. Where does this occur?
alveoli
What structure is C-shaped? What is its main function?
tracheal cartilage; ensures trachea remains open for constant airflow
What structure allows for the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior portion of the trachea during deglutition (swallowing)
the C-shaped cartilage rings
Which lung is shorter and wider?
the right lung
Which lung occupies a smaller volume?
the left lung
What are the surfaces of both lungs that bear grooves that mark the positions of the great vessels and the heart?
mediastinal
The walls of terminal bronchioles contain a significant amount of which tissue type?
smooth muscle
The alveoli and capillaries are surrounded by:
elastic fibers
Type II alveolar cells:
produce pulmonary surfactant (a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli)
The respiratory membrane is composed of which 2 layers?
simple squamous epithelium and their fused basement membrane
Passive (resting) exhalation requires the use of which muscles?
None; energy is not required to push air out of the lungs
What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system? What does each contain?
-upper: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
-lower: trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
What does conditioning the incoming air mean? What zone is responsible for this?
filtering, warming and cleaning the air and the conducting zone
Pulmonary arteries carry ___________ blood while pulmonary veins carry __________ blood
deoxygenated; oxygenated
This blood supply contains deoxygenated blood and travels to the lungs, where erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, pick up oxygen to be transported to tissues throughout the body. What kind of circulation is this?
pulmonary
Describe bronchial circulation:
systemic Bronchial arteries supply blood to bronchial tree and venous return flows into the bronchial veins to the azygous vein
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers form to create the ___________ _______ where axons project to bronchi and blood vessels of the lungs
pulmonary plexus
What is the serous membrane that surrounds the lung called?
the pleura
What does the visceral pleura do?
adheres to outside of lung and is innervated by visceral afferent (autonomic) nerves via the pulmonary plexus
What does the parietal pleura do?
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity and is innervated by somatic nerves that sense pain when the parietal pleura is inflamed
Which pleura is sensitive to pain?
the parietal pleura
What is the function of trachealis muscle?
smooth muscle that connects tracheal cartilage ends posteriorly and increases the diameter of the trachea
What is the midline cartilaginous ridge that separates the lumens of primary bronchi?
the carina
Which primary bronchi is shorter and wider?
the right
What is the main function of the bronchi?
they are two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
What are the tiny bronchioles which lead to the structures of gas exchange?
terminal bronchioles
What branches from the tertiary bronchi?
bronchioles (less than 1 mm in diameter)
What are the secondary (lobar) bronchi?
air passageways that branch off from the primary bronchi; right lung has 3, left lung has 2
What are the tertiary (segmental) bronchi?
branch into each lung segment (10 n right 8 on left)
Where does the respiratory zone begin?
where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole
The smallest type of bronchiole, leading to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli, is called what?
respiratory bronchioles
The ______ ______is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli
alveolar duct
