Module 12 - Respiratory System Flashcards
What two zones can the respiratory system be divided into?
-conducting zone
-respiratory zone
What is the conducting zone? What are its functions?
includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange; provides route for incoming and outgoing air, removes debris and pathogens, warms and humidify’s incoming air
What is the respiratory zone? What are its functions?
where gas exchange occurs
The respiratory epithelium is composed of what kind of tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What leads to a runny nose in cold weather?
cold weather slows cilia movement which results in an accumulation of mucus since cilia serve to remove mucus and debris
Filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air occur throughout the conducting portion of the respiratory system, but the greatest changes occur within the:
nasal cavity
What do rings of cartilage do in both the trachea and bronchial tree?
support the structure and prevent their collapse
What is the alveolar sac?
a cluster of many individual alveoli (alveoli responsible for gas exchange)
What do alveolar pores do?
neighbors connected to alveoli; help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung
The respiratory system functions in all, except:
1. gas conditioning
2. olfaction
3. defense
4. sound reception
5. gas exchange
- sound reception (sound PRODUCTION is correct)
What is the lungs main function?
to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere; exchange across extensive epithelial surface highly permeable to gases
Gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. Where does this occur?
alveoli
What structure is C-shaped? What is its main function?
tracheal cartilage; ensures trachea remains open for constant airflow
What structure allows for the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior portion of the trachea during deglutition (swallowing)
the C-shaped cartilage rings
Which lung is shorter and wider?
the right lung
Which lung occupies a smaller volume?
the left lung
What are the surfaces of both lungs that bear grooves that mark the positions of the great vessels and the heart?
mediastinal
The walls of terminal bronchioles contain a significant amount of which tissue type?
smooth muscle
The alveoli and capillaries are surrounded by:
elastic fibers
Type II alveolar cells:
produce pulmonary surfactant (a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli)
The respiratory membrane is composed of which 2 layers?
simple squamous epithelium and their fused basement membrane
Passive (resting) exhalation requires the use of which muscles?
None; energy is not required to push air out of the lungs
What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system? What does each contain?
-upper: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
-lower: trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
What does conditioning the incoming air mean? What zone is responsible for this?
filtering, warming and cleaning the air and the conducting zone
Pulmonary arteries carry ___________ blood while pulmonary veins carry __________ blood
deoxygenated; oxygenated
This blood supply contains deoxygenated blood and travels to the lungs, where erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, pick up oxygen to be transported to tissues throughout the body. What kind of circulation is this?
pulmonary
Describe bronchial circulation:
systemic Bronchial arteries supply blood to bronchial tree and venous return flows into the bronchial veins to the azygous vein
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers form to create the ___________ _______ where axons project to bronchi and blood vessels of the lungs
pulmonary plexus
What is the serous membrane that surrounds the lung called?
the pleura
What does the visceral pleura do?
adheres to outside of lung and is innervated by visceral afferent (autonomic) nerves via the pulmonary plexus
What does the parietal pleura do?
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity and is innervated by somatic nerves that sense pain when the parietal pleura is inflamed
Which pleura is sensitive to pain?
the parietal pleura
What is the function of trachealis muscle?
smooth muscle that connects tracheal cartilage ends posteriorly and increases the diameter of the trachea
What is the midline cartilaginous ridge that separates the lumens of primary bronchi?
the carina
Which primary bronchi is shorter and wider?
the right
What is the main function of the bronchi?
they are two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
What are the tiny bronchioles which lead to the structures of gas exchange?
terminal bronchioles
What branches from the tertiary bronchi?
bronchioles (less than 1 mm in diameter)
What are the secondary (lobar) bronchi?
air passageways that branch off from the primary bronchi; right lung has 3, left lung has 2
What are the tertiary (segmental) bronchi?
branch into each lung segment (10 n right 8 on left)
Where does the respiratory zone begin?
where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole
The smallest type of bronchiole, leading to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli, is called what?
respiratory bronchioles
The ______ ______is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli
alveolar duct
The _____ is the inferior part of the lung which rests on the diaphragm
base
The ____ is the most superior region of the lung that projects just superior and
posterior to the clavicle
apex
What does the costal surface of the lungs do?
faces and borders the ribs
Which structure of the lungs faces medially towards the heart?
the mediastinal surface
What does the cardiac notch do?
it is an indentation on the left lung’s surface, and it allows space for the heart
What does the cardiac impression do?
it is the concave cavity found in the medial surface of the left lung that houses the heart.
Each lung is composed of smaller units called what?
lobes
What separates lobes in the heart from one another?
fissures
The right lung consists of ____ lobes and ____ fissures. What are the fissures and what do they do?
3;2
-oblique fissure, separating the inferior and middle lobes
- horizontal fissure, separating the middle and superior lobes
The right lung consists of ____ lobes and ____ fissures. What are the fissures and what do they do?
2; 1
-oblique fissure, separating the inferior and middle lobes
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
a division of a lobe, and each lobe houses multiple bronchopulmonary segments. Each is surrounded by CT
What is the hilum?
midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs
What is the function of aveolar type I cells?
simple squamous epithelial cells that are responsible for gas exchange
What is the root of the lung?
meshwork of dense CT anchoring structures that enter and leave at hilum
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?
remove the tiniest inhaled particles that makes its way into the alveoli
The respiratory membrane is composed of:
-Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
-Plasma membrane of the capillary cell
-Fused basement membrane of both cells
The Serratus Posterior Superior does what? What innervates it?
elevates ribs during forced inhalation; intercostal nerves
The Serratus Posterior Inferior does what? What innervates it?
depresses ribs during forced exhalation; intercostal nerves
Describe the differences in the diaphragm when we breathe in vs. breathe out
When we breathe in, our diaphragm flattens and contracts which increases the room in our thoracic cavity. When we breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape
External intercostals ____ ribs while internal intercostals ____ ribs during forced exhalation
elevate; depress
What does the Transversus Thoracis do?
Depresses ribs during forced exhalation; innervated by intercostal nerves
What muscles do we use for normal inspiration? What about normal exhalation?
diaphragm and intercostals; none
