Module 6 - Foundations Of Western Philosophy: Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century Flashcards
Rousseau felt the influence of others hindered a person’s…
true authenticity
According to Rousseau, people change behavior, perspective, and lifestyle to gain approval.
true
Changing to win others’ approval brings __________, according to Rousseau.
corruption
The tendency toward self-preservation is described by Rousseau as…
self-love
According to Rousseau, the need to be recognized can lead to…
evil
What is the term for what is considered to be right or good versus what is considered to be wrong or bad?
morality
Morality describes one’s choices regarding behavior.
true
Which word describes something seen as wrong or bad?
immoral
What does amoral mean?
neither good nor bad
Deontology is the study of what?
duty
Which will help society according to Mill’s philosophy?
education
Utility seeks decisions that produce pleasure and avoid pain.
true
What does utilitarianism seek?
the greatest happiness
Altruism looks to the needs of…
others
Which determines what people do?
psychological hedonism
Where do moral rules come from?
what a person sees as right and wrong
Smith believed morals could be reduced to a set of natural or divine laws.
false
Which is the most important to understand when trying to help another?
what the other person is feeling
Sympathizing with another and choosing a correct course of action to meet their needs will produce __________ according to Smith?
moral norms
What provides a framework of shared expectations for society?
moral rules
What were the rich known as during the industrial revolution?
bourgeoisie
There is a difference between truth-claims and truth.
true
What were the poor known as during the Industrial Revolution?
proletariat
The idea that man can find answers within himself through reason can be described as…
enlightenment
Scientific theories provided which kind of explanations in regard to the origin of the earth and the universe?
naturalistic
Which two must be maintained by an effective political system?
freedom and rights
Which type of government best protects the rights of its citizens?
individuals speaking for themselves
What is the source of the law?
the general will of the people
What, according to Rousseau, helped strengthen the moral guidelines in society?
the teaching of the church
What is the paradox of Rousseau’s theory of governance?
the need to yield to the general will of others
When one feels the need to yell “fire” in a burning building, one is feeling a sense of…
moral duty
What does the ability to reason bring, according to Kant?
moral responsibility
Which is the true cause of bad behavior, according to Kant’s philosophy?
personal choice
Which might be seen as morally wrong by most?
killing
According to Kant, what is the best source to determine right from wrong?
self
In what way did Mill differ from Bentham in his view of pleasure?
degree
Which does utilitarian politics criticize?
special interest groups
Utilitarianism believes __________ influence(s) human behavior and activity.
pleasure and pain
After a vote, a class decides to have a pizza party instead of hamburgers. Of what is this an example?
the principle of utility
The satisfaction felt in serving others is an example of…
ethical hedonism
Select all that apply. What is the study of moral truths?
moral philosophy; ethical philosophy
What is the best way to choose how to help someone?
sympathy
Which was more important to Smith in regard to a person’s morals?
the motive
How are moral rules formed according to Smith?
from a person’s reaction to specific instances
According to Smith, how is wealth created?
productive labor
Which theory replaced creation as an explanation for the existence of humans?
evolution
Which scientific discipline helps determine the age of the earth?
geology
Some philosophers saw science as insufficient to explain what?
mans behavior
For science to prove something, what does there need to be?
repeatable results
Why did some abandon the Church as the source of answers during the Enlightenment?
science gave answers that contradicted faith
