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Intro To Philosophy > Module 3 - Foundations Of Western Philosophy: Rome And The Christian Era > Flashcards

Module 3 - Foundations Of Western Philosophy: Rome And The Christian Era Flashcards

1
Q

Plato believed the best government was the one most closely matching the government found in the world of forms

A

True

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2
Q

The Greek political philosophers Plato and Aristotle believed strongly in the universal city where all humanity lived

A

False

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3
Q

Which political philosophy was most prominent during the pre-Christian Roman era?

A

A ruler should dispense justice fairly and without bias

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4
Q

Who was the Roman statesman who staunchly defended the republic?

A

Cicero

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5
Q

Which is true about Cicero’s life?

A

He ironically sided with emperors to restore the Roman republic

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6
Q

Who was the founder of Stoicism?

A

Zeno

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7
Q

What is an “impression” in Stoicism?

A

a data input received from one’s senses

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8
Q

What is “assent” in Stoicism?

A

the recognition and acceptance of an accurate piece of sensory data

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9
Q

Stoics believed it was ethical to mistreat people of different races, cultures, and religions as long as one was faithful to their fellow countrymen.

A

false

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10
Q

According to Stoicism, where is truth found?

A

in the material world directly in front of humanity

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11
Q

Who was the founder of Neoplatonism?

A

Plotinus

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12
Q

What did the Neoplatonists call the divine absolute truth?

A

The One

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13
Q

Neoplatonism is a more concrete and less mystical iteration of Plato’s philosophies

A

False

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14
Q

Which of the following is one of Plato’s famous analogies to describe the world of forms?

A

A group of slaves chained in a cave

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15
Q

In Neoplatonism, an “emanation” is a deceived person who does not understand reality

A

False

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16
Q

Tertullian was the early church father who sought to use Greco-Roman philosophies to make new converts to Christianity.

A

false

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17
Q

who was Justin Martyr?

A

a church father who sought to adopt useful parts of philosophy into his faith

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18
Q

What was the most famous example of Justin Martyr’s incorporation of Greco-Roman philosophies into his faith?

A

describing Jesus as the Logos or brain that had organized the universe but had now become human

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19
Q

Which worldview did Tertullian push back against during his time as an orthodox Christian?

A

Gnosticism

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20
Q

Who was Augustine?

A

bishop who set the trends of theology and philosophy for the medieval period

21
Q

For his political philosophy, how many cities did Augustine describe?

A

two

22
Q

Although Augustine believed manmade governments were run by sinful humans and were doomed to failure, what did he believe these human governments’ purpose was?

A

to act as a partial antidote to sin’s effects in the larger culture

23
Q

What is a just war, according to Augustine?

A

war that is initiated by a legitimate government authority for a cause like self-defense

24
Q

Which philosophical school most deeply influenced Augustine’s theology?

A

Neoplatonism

25
Q

Who was the Greek philosopher whose political philosophy was based heavily on the concept of an ideal, abstract government located in the world of forms?

A

Plato

26
Q

What was the basic concept behind Plato’s idea of a “world of forms”?

A

that material objects can only be categorized together because they have similarities to some abstract, ideal form

27
Q

According to Plato, what is a philosopher-king?

A

a king who also thinks deeply about how to emulate the ideal government found in the world of forms

28
Q

Which trait was seen in most Greek political philosophies?

A

an emphasis on the small government of the city-state

29
Q

Which political philosophy was most active during the pre-Christian Roman era?

A

stoicism

30
Q

Which does Stoicism view as unreliable and deceitful?

A

one’s emotions

31
Q

What did the Stoics believe they needed to do with sensory data aligned with rational principles and thus appeared to be true?

A

assent to it

32
Q

Which tenet was unique to Stoicism and made it particularly useful within the Roman empire?

A

“Humanity lives within one giant, worldwide city, and thus are “on the same team.”

33
Q

Which of the following did the Stoics believe was of the most value?

A

reason

34
Q

How was virtue defined in Stoicism?

A

a life lived according to reason

35
Q

In Neoplatonic technical vocabulary, what is an “emanation”?

A

the “shadows” of the One’s thoughts as he thinks about himself

36
Q

According to Neoplatonism, what was the first emanation from the One?

A

The Intellect

37
Q

Who was Plotinus?

A

the founder of Neoplatonism

38
Q

The Neoplatonist philosophers of the Christian Roman era wrote volumes trying to describe which of the following?

A

the mechanics of how, exactly, the spiritual world can cast “shadows” into the physical realm

39
Q

In Plato’s analogy of the cave, which so heavily influenced the Neoplatonists, what could the chained slaves inside the cave see from their position?

A

shadows of what was happening outside the door of the cave

40
Q

Which early church father believed Christianity was the superior philosophy which made all other philosophies ineffective?

A

Tertullian

41
Q

Who was Tertullian?

A

the early church father who left orthodoxy for various sects

42
Q

To what did Justin Martyr relate the philosophical term “Logos”?

A

Jesus, the intellect and the power behind the universe

43
Q

In his early career, Tertullian pushed back hard against a pseudo-philosophy called Gnosticism, which taught that…

A

one needed secret passwords to escape the material world and enter the afterlife.

44
Q

What was Justin Martyr’s approach to philosophy?

A

He believed philosophy could be used as a tool to convert others to Christianity.

45
Q

Who first articulated the concept of a just war in which Christians can participate?

A

Augustine

46
Q

What made Platonic and Neoplatonic philosophy so appealing to Christians like Augustine?

A

Platonism argued that there was truth in the spiritual realm.

47
Q

Who was the Christian philosopher and theologian whose influence was the defining feature of medieval philosophy?

A

Augustine

48
Q

Which Christian philosopher and theologian articulated a political philosophy of two competing, parallel cities?

A

Augustine

49
Q

According to Augustine, what functioned as a sort of partial antidote to the sinfulness of the human heart by keeping wicked men from running rampant in society at large?

A

manmade governments

Intro To Philosophy (10 decks)

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