Module 1 Introduction To Philosophy Flashcards
What is philosophy?
Pursuit of wisdom in knowing and understanding our universe and the ways humans think and live
From which language does the English word “philosophy” originate?
Greek
What is the primary purpose of philosophy?
To search for truth concerning life’s greatest questions
It is a misconception to say that one’s opinion is as good as another’s
True
Socrates is the Greek philosopher from the 4th century BCE who presented evidence for a spherical planet
False
Metaphysics is the division of philosophy concerned with what?
Questions related to being, existence, or reality
Metaphysics focuses on constructing answers to questions that go beyond what is already known and accepted as factual
True
Which theory of metaphysics combines the theories of Aristotle and Christian theology?
Thomism
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that focuses on
Knowledge
Epistemologists concern themselves only with claims of factual knowledge
True
It is possible for an idea to meet all of the epistemology criteria and yet still not be knowledge
True
Ethics or moral philosophy is the study of:
Moral truths
In consequentialism, the morality or rightness of an action is determined by whether or not it adheres to a series of rules
False
What are the three schools of philosophy that provide thoughts on the paths to the greatest happiness and what it means to lead a good life? (Choose all that apply)
Stoicism, Epicureanism, skepticism
Which philosopher defined much of postmodernist philosophy?
Jean-Francois lyotard
Aesthetics is the division of philosophy that focuses on value judgements about art
True
Immanuel Kant argued that every judgement of beauty was based on subjective personal experience, but even so, they should not all be weighed equally
True
Another common __________ is that philosophy is a discipline of __________
Misconception; opinion
On what is philosophy based?
Asking questions, collecting information and evidence, reaching conclusions, then debating with others
Why is philosophy important?
Philosophy is dedicated to learning more about our world
Which question can frame most philosophers?
What is the good life?
__________ without clear and sound reasoning are __________ by philosophers
Opinions; rejected
In Aristotles view, ___________ are without tangible form until they are instantiated, meaning they only exist in actual things
Universals
Plato’s __________ were the non-physical essences of all things, of which objects and matter in the physical world are merely imitations
Forms
Which theory state there is a world of objects that people perceive in the physical realm, but that these objects and the reality they represent are merely reflections or imitations of eternal and perfect abstract forms?
Platonism
__________ is a form of rationalism because it holds that scientific knowledge can be derived a priori from “innate ideas” through deductive reasoning
Cartesianism
__________ is a form of philosophical monism which holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature, and all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions
Materialism
Epistemology is divided into which two major approaches?
Rationalism; empiricism
What are the three criteria of epistemology that ensure information can be considered knowledge
Belief, truth, justification
Empiricists hold that all knowledge is derived from ___________
Sense experience
Which philosopher bridged the empiricist and rationalist approaches to epistemology?
Immanuel Kant
Rationalism is the epistemological view that regards ___________ as the chief source and test of knowledge
Reason
Moral Phil has three different areas of emphasis
Meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics
Meta-ethics focuses on which of the following?
The foundations of morality and the scope of moral values
Normative ethics focuses on which of the following?
The broad ethical question of what we ought to do or how we ought to act
What are the three common frameworks of normative ethics?
Consequentialism, deontology, virtue
Applied ethics focuses on which of the following?
Specific, practical issues of moral importance such as war and capital punishment
Aesthetics is the division of philosophy on what?
Beauty, art, and value judgments about art
Aesthetics is concerned with questions such as:
How do we determine what is beautiful? What is art and what is its purpose? What should determine whether or not a work of art is successful?
What are the two approaches to aesthetics philosophy?
Objectivist; subjectivist
Which Philosopher said, “beauty is no quality in things themselves: it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them, and each mind perceives a different beauty”?
David Hume
__________ argued that the words on the page were all that mattered and that proposed meanings brought in from outside the text should be considered irrelevant
New criticism
