module 6: cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
how do plants produce natural clones
vegetation propagation
what is vegetative propagation
production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues e.g. roots, leaves, stems
how can a plant clone be produced from a cutting
use scalpel to take cutting at end of stem
remove leaves from lower end of cutting
dip end in rooting powder
plants cutting in suitable pot of growth medium
moist warm environment needed with plastic bag
when cutting formed roots and strong enough, can be placed elsewhere
how can plants be artificially cloned
tissue culture
cells taken from original plants root tips and stem
cells sterilised to kill microorganisms
placed on culture medium containing nutrients and growth hormones
when cells dive and grow into small plant, planted in soil and develop genetically identical
arguments for plant cloning
desirable genetic characteristics passes on
plants reproduce in any season
less space required
produces lots quickly
arguments against plant cloning
undesirable genetic characteristics passed on
cloning plant populations have no genetic variety, disease could kill
production cost high
contamination during culture by microorganisms could prevent culturing
how can animals clone naturally
fertilised eggs can split in early stages and develop into multiple embryos with same genetic info
how can animals produce artificially
artificial embryo twinning or somatic nuclear cell transfer
artificial embryo twinning
egg cell extracted from female and fertilised in petri
left to divide at least once forming embryo
individual cells separated into separate petri so embryos form in each one
embryos implanted into females to act as surrogates
embryos develop inside and offspring born all genetically identical
somatic cell nuclear transfer
somatic cell taken from one animal A and nucleus extracted
an unmeasured egg cell taken from another animal B and nucleus removed
nucleus from A inserted into enucleated cell from B so it contains genetic info from A
nucleus and enucleated cell fused and stimulated to divide to produce embryo
embryo implanted into surrogate and clone of A is born
what can animal cloning be used for
research such as medicine as variables removed
save endangered species
increase number of desirable characteristics in farming to breed from
can use cells in disease treatment
, cloned embryonic cells from patient less likely to be rejected
arguments for animal cloning
desirable characteristics passed on to clones
infertile animals can reproduce
increase population of endangered animals
cloning can happen at any time unlike breeding seasons
new treatments
arguments against cloning
difficult, time consuming and expensive
no genetic variety so undesired characteristics passed on and more susceptible to disease
clones may not live as long
controversial using human embryos for stem cells some believe it destroys human life
what is biotechnology
use of living organisms in industry to produce food, drugs and other products
examples of using microorganisms in industry
brewing, baking, cheese, yoghurt, penicillin, insulin,