module 6: cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

how do plants produce natural clones

A

vegetation propagation

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2
Q

what is vegetative propagation

A

production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues e.g. roots, leaves, stems

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3
Q

how can a plant clone be produced from a cutting

A

use scalpel to take cutting at end of stem
remove leaves from lower end of cutting
dip end in rooting powder
plants cutting in suitable pot of growth medium
moist warm environment needed with plastic bag
when cutting formed roots and strong enough, can be placed elsewhere

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4
Q

how can plants be artificially cloned

A

tissue culture
cells taken from original plants root tips and stem
cells sterilised to kill microorganisms
placed on culture medium containing nutrients and growth hormones
when cells dive and grow into small plant, planted in soil and develop genetically identical

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5
Q

arguments for plant cloning

A

desirable genetic characteristics passes on
plants reproduce in any season
less space required
produces lots quickly

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6
Q

arguments against plant cloning

A

undesirable genetic characteristics passed on
cloning plant populations have no genetic variety, disease could kill
production cost high
contamination during culture by microorganisms could prevent culturing

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7
Q

how can animals clone naturally

A

fertilised eggs can split in early stages and develop into multiple embryos with same genetic info

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8
Q

how can animals produce artificially

A

artificial embryo twinning or somatic nuclear cell transfer

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9
Q

artificial embryo twinning

A

egg cell extracted from female and fertilised in petri
left to divide at least once forming embryo
individual cells separated into separate petri so embryos form in each one
embryos implanted into females to act as surrogates
embryos develop inside and offspring born all genetically identical

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10
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

somatic cell taken from one animal A and nucleus extracted
an unmeasured egg cell taken from another animal B and nucleus removed
nucleus from A inserted into enucleated cell from B so it contains genetic info from A
nucleus and enucleated cell fused and stimulated to divide to produce embryo
embryo implanted into surrogate and clone of A is born

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11
Q

what can animal cloning be used for

A

research such as medicine as variables removed
save endangered species
increase number of desirable characteristics in farming to breed from
can use cells in disease treatment
, cloned embryonic cells from patient less likely to be rejected

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12
Q

arguments for animal cloning

A

desirable characteristics passed on to clones
infertile animals can reproduce
increase population of endangered animals
cloning can happen at any time unlike breeding seasons
new treatments

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13
Q

arguments against cloning

A

difficult, time consuming and expensive
no genetic variety so undesired characteristics passed on and more susceptible to disease
clones may not live as long
controversial using human embryos for stem cells some believe it destroys human life

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14
Q

what is biotechnology

A

use of living organisms in industry to produce food, drugs and other products

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15
Q

examples of using microorganisms in industry

A

brewing, baking, cheese, yoghurt, penicillin, insulin,

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16
Q

pros of microorganisms

A

ones used to make single-cell protein can be grown using organic substrates, useful to remove waste substances
quick, easy and cheap
can be cultured anywhere with right equipment so can help to tackle malnutrition
healthy alternatives to animal protein with single cell protein

17
Q

cons of microorganisms

A

conditions of growth ideal for others microorganisms so care needs to be taken. in contamination
people may not like idea of eating waste products
single cell protein has different flavour and texture
health problems may arise

18
Q

where are microorganisms grown

A

fermentation vessels, batch fermentation or continuous

19
Q

what is batch fermentation

A

where microorganisms grown in individual b watches, one culture ends and different batch of microorganisms grown in vessel

20
Q

what is continuous fermentation

A

microorganisms continuously grown in fermentation vessel without stopping, nutrients in and waste products out constantly

21
Q

controls in fermentation

A

pH, temp, access to nutrients, volume of oxygen, vessel kept sterile

22
Q

how to grow microorganisms in lab

A

agar plate- sterile Petri dish
microorganisms transferred from sample using sterile tool like inoculation loop or spreader, incubate plates to allow growth, nutrients can be added to agar to improve growth

23
Q

aseptic techniques in culturing

A

regular disinfection of surfaces
work ear bunsen flame
sterilise instruments before and after use by passing through burner
pass neck of container through flame
minimise time agar is open sterile all glassware
wear lab coat