Module 6 - Central Language Mechanisms and Higher Cortical Functions

Question 1

What are the functional categories of the cortex?

Answer 1

sensory, motor, association

Question 2

cortex is responsible for what?

Answer 2

language, cognition, memory

Question 3

What are the parts of the perisylvian region?

Answer 3

wernicke's area
broca's area
primary motor cortex
angular gyrus
arcuate fasciculus
supramarignal gyrus

Question 4

What are some of the limitations of a lesion model of language?

Answer 4

doesn’t accurately account for aphasic symptomology
oversimplifies linguistic components
anatomical shortcomings

Question 5

What is the DIVA model of language?

Answer 5

Directions Into Velocities of Articulators
neural network modeling
auditory/somato-sensory and motor
feedforward/feedback
everything is very connected

Question 6

what is the dorsal and ventral streams model of language?

Answer 6

ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension (bilaterally organized)
dorsal stream maps acoustic signal to frontal lobe (left hemi dominant)

Question 7

What do we look at when classifying aphasias?

Answer 7

site of lesion
speech 
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading and writing
paraphasias

Question 8

what are the different types of anomia?

Answer 8

don’t recognize object
can’t get name for object out
don’t understand what you mean when you ask them what something is

Question 9

what are the types of paraphasias?

Answer 9

phonemic (literal), verbal (semantic), neologistic

Question 10

Broca’s aphasia:

Answer 10

site: anterior, broca’s area
speech: non fluent
comprehension: intact
repetition: impaired
naming: poor
reading and writing: impaired
paraphasias: rare
might also have hemiparesis (broca’s close to PMC)

Question 11

Wernicke’s aphasia:

Answer 11

site: posterior, wernicke’s area
speech: fluent
comprehension: impaired
repetition: impaired
naming: poor
reading and writing: impaired
paraphasias: common
probably going to see visual deficits with this group (close to occipital lobe)

Question 12

Anomic aphasia

Answer 12

site: left angular gyrus, thalamus
speech: fluent
comprehension: intact
repetition: intact
naming: poor
reading and writing: may be impaired
paraphasias: rare

Question 13

Global aphasia

Answer 13

site: perisylvian region
speech: non-fluent
comprehension: impaired
repetition: impaired
naming: poor
reading and writing: impaired
paraphasias: common

Question 14

What is conduction aphasia?

Answer 14

deficit in repetition

damage to arcuate fasciculus

Question 15

what is transcortical sensory aphasia?

Answer 15

wernicke’s who can repeat

Question 16

What is transcortical motor aphasia?

Answer 16

broca’s who can repeat

Question 17

What are some disorders related to aphasia?

Answer 17

agnosia
apraxia
hemiparesis
hemianopsia
alexia
agraphia

Question 18

What are the parts of cognition?

Answer 18

perception, attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving

Question 19

Perception requires what?

Answer 19

attention

Question 20

What is memory?

Answer 20

ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge

Question 21

what are the three processes in memory?

Answer 21

encoding
storage
recall

Question 22

what are the three levels of memory?

Answer 22

sensory memory - stimuli in raw form so you can register it
short term (working) memory - hold and manipulate information; fades quickly 
long-term memory: permanent and possibly limitless

Question 23

What are the categories of memories?

Answer 23

declarative and non-declarative?

Question 24

what are the two types of declarative memories?

Answer 24

episodic and semantic

Question 25

What are non-declarative memories?

Answer 25

unconscious memory from classical conditioning (aka procedural or implicit memory)

Question 26

What is dementia?

Answer 26

degenerative processes of the CNS
diffuse impairment of memory, intellect, and cognition
may include behavior and personality changes as well as physical impairments in the later stages

Question 27

What are some characteristics of dementia?

Answer 27

acquired
gradual onset
persistent
severe enough to interfere with work, social life, and relationships
disorientation
lapses in judgement
difficulty performing ADLs
difficulty performing mentally challenging tasks
misplaced items
apathy and loss of initiative 
mood changes

Question 28

What are the subgoups of dementia?

Answer 28

neurodegenerative

subcortical

Question 29

What are some of the neurodegenerative dementias?

Answer 29

alzheimers, VaD, LBD, FTD, PPA, MCI

Question 30

What are some of the subcortical dementias?

Answer 30

PD, Huntington’s disease, PSP, CJD

Question 31

how do you treat alzheimers

Answer 31

currently no way, treat symptoms and try to slow progression

Question 32

what are the stages of alzheimers?

Answer 32

early - mild word retrieval, occasional paraphasias, subtle comprehension
middle - communication impairment more obvious, word retrieval, sentence fragments, passive, problems with topic maintenance
late - severely compromised, reading and writing non-functional, bizarre, devoid of meaning, unaware of errors

Question 33

What is pick’s disease?

Answer 33

rare, frontal lobe pathology, shrinkage of brain
social problems, obsessive behaviors
language and communication break down early in disease, memory and orientation remain intact until later progression

Question 34

subcortical dementias begin with what kind of symptoms?

Answer 34

motor

Question 35

how do you treat parkinson’s?

Answer 35

drugs to try and raise dopamine levels in brain/mimic dopamine./inhibit dopamine breakdown

Question 36

What are some associated disorders with dementia?

Answer 36

wilson’s disease, HIV/AIDS, wernicke’s encephalopathy