Module 6 - Central Language Mechanisms and Higher Cortical Functions Flashcards
What are the functional categories of the cortex?
sensory, motor, association
cortex is responsible for what?
language, cognition, memory
What are the parts of the perisylvian region?
wernicke's area broca's area primary motor cortex angular gyrus arcuate fasciculus supramarignal gyrus
What are some of the limitations of a lesion model of language?
doesn’t accurately account for aphasic symptomology
oversimplifies linguistic components
anatomical shortcomings
What is the DIVA model of language?
Directions Into Velocities of Articulators neural network modeling auditory/somato-sensory and motor feedforward/feedback everything is very connected
what is the dorsal and ventral streams model of language?
ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension (bilaterally organized)
dorsal stream maps acoustic signal to frontal lobe (left hemi dominant)
What do we look at when classifying aphasias?
site of lesion speech comprehension repetition naming reading and writing paraphasias
what are the different types of anomia?
don’t recognize object
can’t get name for object out
don’t understand what you mean when you ask them what something is
what are the types of paraphasias?
phonemic (literal), verbal (semantic), neologistic
Broca’s aphasia:
site: anterior, broca’s area
speech: non fluent
comprehension: intact
repetition: impaired
naming: poor
reading and writing: impaired
paraphasias: rare
might also have hemiparesis (broca’s close to PMC)
Wernicke’s aphasia:
site: posterior, wernicke’s area
speech: fluent
comprehension: impaired
repetition: impaired
naming: poor
reading and writing: impaired
paraphasias: common
probably going to see visual deficits with this group (close to occipital lobe)
Anomic aphasia
site: left angular gyrus, thalamus
speech: fluent
comprehension: intact
repetition: intact
naming: poor
reading and writing: may be impaired
paraphasias: rare
Global aphasia
site: perisylvian region
speech: non-fluent
comprehension: impaired
repetition: impaired
naming: poor
reading and writing: impaired
paraphasias: common
What is conduction aphasia?
deficit in repetition
damage to arcuate fasciculus
what is transcortical sensory aphasia?
wernicke’s who can repeat
What is transcortical motor aphasia?
broca’s who can repeat
What are some disorders related to aphasia?
agnosia apraxia hemiparesis hemianopsia alexia agraphia
What are the parts of cognition?
perception, attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving
Perception requires what?
attention
What is memory?
ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge
what are the three processes in memory?
encoding
storage
recall
what are the three levels of memory?
sensory memory - stimuli in raw form so you can register it short term (working) memory - hold and manipulate information; fades quickly long-term memory: permanent and possibly limitless
What are the categories of memories?
declarative and non-declarative?
what are the two types of declarative memories?
episodic and semantic
What are non-declarative memories?
unconscious memory from classical conditioning (aka procedural or implicit memory)
What is dementia?
degenerative processes of the CNS
diffuse impairment of memory, intellect, and cognition
may include behavior and personality changes as well as physical impairments in the later stages
What are some characteristics of dementia?
acquired gradual onset persistent severe enough to interfere with work, social life, and relationships disorientation lapses in judgement difficulty performing ADLs difficulty performing mentally challenging tasks misplaced items apathy and loss of initiative mood changes
What are the subgoups of dementia?
neurodegenerative
subcortical
What are some of the neurodegenerative dementias?
alzheimers, VaD, LBD, FTD, PPA, MCI
What are some of the subcortical dementias?
PD, Huntington’s disease, PSP, CJD
how do you treat alzheimers
currently no way, treat symptoms and try to slow progression
what are the stages of alzheimers?
early - mild word retrieval, occasional paraphasias, subtle comprehension
middle - communication impairment more obvious, word retrieval, sentence fragments, passive, problems with topic maintenance
late - severely compromised, reading and writing non-functional, bizarre, devoid of meaning, unaware of errors
What is pick’s disease?
rare, frontal lobe pathology, shrinkage of brain
social problems, obsessive behaviors
language and communication break down early in disease, memory and orientation remain intact until later progression
subcortical dementias begin with what kind of symptoms?
motor
how do you treat parkinson’s?
drugs to try and raise dopamine levels in brain/mimic dopamine./inhibit dopamine breakdown
What are some associated disorders with dementia?
wilson’s disease, HIV/AIDS, wernicke’s encephalopathy
