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Biology > Module 5.6 - Respiration > Flashcards

Module 5.6 - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages of aerobic respiration? (4)

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

Ways of cell respiration? (2)

A
  • Glucose respiration
  • Organisms can also break down complex organic molecules which can be respired
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3
Q

Glycolysis? (5)

A
  • A reaction series
  • Takes place in cytoplasm of cells
  • Splits one molecule of glucose (has 6Cs) into two smaller molecules of pyruvate (has 3Cs)
  • Is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
  • Doesn’t require oxygen to take place
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4
Q

Two stages of glycolysis? (5)

A
  • Phosphorylation
  • Oxidation
  • ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose to TP
  • TP is oxidised releasing ATP
  • There’s a net gain of 2 ATP
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5
Q

Phosphorylation? (3)

A
  • Glucose is phosphorylated - add 2 phosphates from 2 of ATP
  • Creates 1 of hexose bisphosphate and 2 of ADP
  • Hexose bisphosphate is split up into 2 of TP
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6
Q

Oxidation? (6)

A
  • TP is oxidised and forms 2 of pyruvate
  • NAD is reduced and forms 2 of NADH
  • The same H+ oxidised from TP is used to reduce NAD
  • 4 ATP are produced
  • 2 ATP is used up in stage one
  • Total net gain of 2 ATP
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7
Q

What happens to NADH and the two pyruvate molecules? (2)

A
  • NADH is used in oxidative phosphorylation
  • The two pyruvate molecules are actively transported into matrix of mitochondria for link reaction
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8
Q

Link reaction? (7)

A
  • A reaction series
  • Takes place in mitochondrial matrix
  • Pyruvate is decarboxylated
  • NAD is reduced by taking a hydrogen from pyruvate
  • Pyruvate turns into acetate
  • Acetate is combined with coenzyme A (CoA) to from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
  • No ATP is produced
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9
Q

How is pyruvate decarboxylated? (1)

A
  • One carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of CO2
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10
Q

How many times does the link reaction and Krebs cycle take place? (3)

A
  • Link reaction and Krebs cycle happen twice for every glucose molecule
  • 1 of glucose enters glycolysis, 2 of pyruvate form
  • For 1 of glucose, 2 of acetyl coenzyme A go into the Krebs cycle
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11
Q

For every 1 of glucose? (4)

A
  • 2 of pyruvate form
  • Two CO2 are released as a waste product of respiration
  • Two of NADH are formed
  • 2 of acetyl coenzyme A go into the Krebs cycle
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12
Q

Krebs cycle? (3)

A
  • Involves a series of oxidation-reduction reactions
  • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
  • Krebs cycle happen twice for every 1 of glucose
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13
Q

How is citrate formed? (3)

A
  • Acetyl group from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
  • Catalysed by citrate synthase
  • Coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction to be used again
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14
Q

How does the 6C citrate molecule convert to a 5C molecule? (3)

A
  • Decarboxylation occurs - CO2 is removed
  • Dehydrogenation occurs - hydrogen is removed
  • The hydrogen is used to form NADH
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15
Q

How does the 5C citrate molecule convert to a 4C molecule? (6)

A
  • 5C molecule is converted to a 4C molecule
  • Intermediate compounds form
  • Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur
  • One of reduced FAD and two of NADH formed
  • ATP is produced
  • Citrate turns into oxaloacetate
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16
Q

How is ATP produced in the last step of the Krebs cycle? (1)

A
  • The direct transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate compound to ADP
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17
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation? (1)

A
  • When a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another
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18
Q

What are the products from one Krebs cycle and where do they go? (6)

A
  • 1 coenzyme - reused in the next link reaction
  • Oxaloacetate - regenerated for use in the next Krebs cycle
  • 2 CO2 - released as a waste product
  • 1 ATP - used for energy
  • 3 NADH - to oxidative phosphorylation
  • 1 reduced FAD - to oxidative phosphorylation
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19
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation? (3)

A
  • Process where the energy carried by electrons is used to make ATP
  • Uses the products of the previous stages - NADH and FADH
  • Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane
20
Q

Where is the energy carried by electrons from? (1)

A
  • From reduced coenzymes NAD and FADH
21
Q

Steps of oxidative phosphorylation? (10)

A
  • NADH and FADH are oxidised to NAD and FAD
  • H atoms are released from NADH and FADH
  • H atoms splits into protons (H+) and electrons (e-)
  • The electrons move along electron transport chain
  • Electrons lose energy at each carrier
  • The lost energy is used by electron carriers to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space
  • The concentration of protons is higher in intermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix
  • Electrochemical gradient formed and chemiosmosis occurs
  • Chemiosmosis drives ATP synthesis
  • At the end of the transport chain H+, e- and O2 from the blood combine to form H2O
22
Q

Electron transport chain? (2)

A
  • Made up of three electron carriers
  • Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
23
Q

Adaptation of the inner mitochondrial membrane? (2)

A
  • Folded into cristae
  • Increases the membrane’s surface area to maximise respiration
24
Q

Intermembrane space? (1)

A
  • The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
25
Q

What enzyme is responsible for moving H+ move down the electrochemical gradient? (1)

A
  • ATP synthase
26
Q

How much ATP is formed at the end of aerobic respiration? (7)

A
  • Glycolysis: form 2 ATP, produces 2 ATP
  • Glycolysis: form 2 NADH, produces 5 ATP
  • Link reaction: form 2 NADH, produces 5 ATP
  • Krebs cycles (x2): from 2 ATP, produces 2 ATP
  • Krebs cycles (x2): from 6 NADH, produces 15 ATP
  • Krebs cycles (x2): from 2 FADH, produces 3 ATP
  • 32 of ATP formed in total
27
Q

How much ATP is formed from NADH and FADH? (2)

A
  • NADH: 2.5 ATP
  • FADH: 1.5 ATP
28
Q

Anaerobic respiration? (4)

A
  • Doesn’t use oxygen
  • Doesn’t involve the link reaction, the Krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation
  • Take place in the cytoplasm
  • Starts with glycolysis
29
Q

Types of anaerobic respiration? (2)

A
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Lactate fermentation
30
Q

Lactate fermentation? (3)

A
  • Occurs in mammals and produces lactate
  • Reduced NAD from glycolysis transfers hydrogen to pyruvate to form lactate and NAD
  • NAD can then be reused in glycolysis
31
Q

Why can glycolysis continue when there isn’t much oxygen? (3)

A
  • The production of lactate regenerates NAD
  • Glycolysis needs NAD in order to take place
  • So a small amount of ATP can be produced to keep some biological process going
32
Q

Lactate? (2)

A
  • Our cells have a high tolerance for lactate for a short period of time
  • Too much lactate is toxic and is removed from the cells into the bloodstream
33
Q

How is lactate removed from the bloodstream? (2)

A
  • The liver takes up lactate and converts it back into glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis
34
Q

Where does alcoholic fermentation take place? (2)

A
  • Yeast cells
  • Plants
35
Q

Alcoholic fermentation in yeast cells? (3)

A
  • CO2 is removed from pyruvate to form ethanal
  • NADH from glycolysis transfers hydrogen to ethanal to form ethanol and NAD
  • NAD is reused in glycolysis
36
Q

Why is the ATP yield from anaerobic respiration lower than aerobic respiration? (2)

A
  • Anaerobic respiration only includes glycolysis
  • Glycolysis only produces 2 ATP per 1 of glucose
37
Q

Why is there only one energy releasing reaction for anaerobic respiration? (2)

A
  • Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation need oxygen
  • So they can’t occur during anaerobic respiration
38
Q

What can cells respire? (4)

A
  • Glucose
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
39
Q

At what stage can proteins and lipids enter respiration? (1)

A
  • At the Krebs cycle
40
Q

Respiratory substrate? (1)

A
  • Any biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy
41
Q

Respiratory values of respiratory substrates (in kJ/g)? (3)

A
  • Lipids: 39.4
  • Proteins: 17
  • Carbohydrates: 15.8
42
Q

Why do lipids produce the most ATP when respired? (4)

A
  • Most ATP made in oxidative phosphorylation
  • Requires H atoms from NADH and FADH
  • Means the respiratory substrates that has more H atoms make more ATP to be when respired
  • Lipids contain most H atoms per unit of mass
43
Q

Respiratory quotient (RQ)? (3)

A
  • Volume of carbon dioxide produced when that substrate is respired, divided by the volume of oxygen consumed, in a set period of time.
  • RQ = V. CO2 released / V. O2 consumed
  • Tells you the what substrate is respiring and how its respiring
44
Q

RQ of respiratory substrates? (3)

A
  • Lipids: 0.7
  • Proteins: 0.9
  • Carbohydrates: 1
45
Q

Why do lipids and proteins have a RQ value lower than one? (1)

A
  • More oxygen is needed to oxidise fats and lipids than to oxidise carbohydrates
46
Q

How can you determine what substrate is respiring and how it’s respiring from its RQ? (4)

A
  • Under normal conditions RQ is between 0.7 and 1.0
  • RQ: 0.7 to 1.0 shows some lipids and carbohydrates are respiring
  • Protein isn’t normally used for respiration unless there’s nothing else
  • High RQs greater than 1 show oxygen deficiency - anaerobically & aerobically respiration takes place
47
Q

Why do plants have a low RQ? (1)

A
  • CO2 released in respiration is used for photosynthesis

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