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Biology > Module 3.2 Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Module 3.2 Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems? (2)

A
  • Low surface area to volume ratio
  • Higher metabolic rate
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2
Q

Single circulatory system? (1)

A
  • Blood passes through heart once
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3
Q

Double circulatory system? (1)

A
  • Blood passes through heart twice
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4
Q

Fish? (1)

A
  • Heart pumps blood to gills to pick up O2 then through the rest of the body to deliver O2
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5
Q

Right side of heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen? (2)

A
  • Blood travels from lungs to left side of heart which pumps it to rest of the body
  • Blood returns to heart and enters from right side again
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6
Q

Closed circulatory systems? (1)

A
  • Blood is enclosed inside blood vessels
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7
Q

Open circulatory system? (3)

A
  • Blood isn’t enclosed in blood vessels
  • Blood flows freely through the body cavity
  • Heart is segmented
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8
Q

Body cavity? (4)

A
  • Heart contracts in a wave and pumps the blood into single main artery
  • Artery opens up into the body cavity
  • Blood flows around insect’s organs
  • Blood makes its way back into the heart segments through a series of valves
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9
Q

Arteries? (3)

A
  • Thick walls - tunica adventitia, tunica media & tunica intima
  • Narrow lumen helps maintain high blood pressure
  • Pulse present
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10
Q

Tunica intima? (1)

A
  • Made of endothelial, connective tissue and elastic fibres layers
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11
Q

Endothelium? (4)

A
  • One cell thick
  • Lines lumen of all blood vessels
  • Smooth
  • Reduces friction for free blood flow
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12
Q

Tunica media? (1)

A
  • Made of smooth muscle cells and a thick layer of elastic tissue
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13
Q

Muscle cells? (2)

A
  • Strengthen the arteries to withstand high pressure
  • Contract and narrow the lumen for reduced blood flow
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14
Q

Elastic tissue? (2)

A
  • Helps to maintain blood pressure in the arteries
  • Stretches and recoils to even out any fluctuations in pressure
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15
Q

Tunica adventitia? (2)

A
  • Covers the exterior of the artery
  • Made up of collagen
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16
Q

Collagen? (1)

A
  • Strong protein that protects blood vessels from damage by over-stretching
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17
Q

Pulmonary arteries? (1)

A
  • Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
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18
Q

Arterioles? (3)

A
  • Muscular layer
  • Has a lower proportion of elastic fibres than arteries
  • Has a larger proportion of muscle cells than arteries
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19
Q

Capillaries? (3)

A
  • Substances are exchanged between cells and capillaries
  • Walls are only one cell thick
  • Connect to venules
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20
Q

Venules? (3)

A
  • Thin walls that
  • Contain some muscle cells
  • Venules join together to form veins
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21
Q

Veins? (6)

A
  • Take blood back to the heart
  • Under low pressure
  • Wide lumen than equivalent arteries
  • Little elastic tissue
  • Little muscle tissue
  • Has valves to prevent backflow
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22
Q

How does blood flow through the veins? (1)

A
  • By contraction of the body muscles surrounding them
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23
Q

Pulmonary vein? (1)

A
  • Carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
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24
Q

How is tissue fluid formed? (4)

A
  • At the arteriole end of capillary hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
  • Net movement out of capillary forming tissue fluid
  • At venule end of capillary oncotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
  • Net movement in of tissue fluid in
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25
Q

How is oncotic pressure generated? (2)

A
  • Plasma proteins lowers water potential at venule end of capillary
  • Water moves into capillary via osmosis
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26
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid? (1)

A
  • Eventually returns to blood through lymphatic system
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27
Q

Lymph capillaries? (1)

A
  • Smallest lymph vessels
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28
Q

Lymph? (1)

A
  • Once tissue fluid enters lymph vessels it becomes lymph
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29
Q

How does the lymphatic system work? (4)

A
  • Excess tissue fluid passes into lymph vessels
  • Valves in the lymph vessels prevent backflow
  • Lymph moves towards the main lymph vessels in thorax
  • Returns to the blood near the heart
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30
Q

Contents of blood? (6)

A
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • Platelets
  • Proteins
  • Water
  • Dissolved solutes
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31
Q

Contents of tissue fluid? (3)

A
  • Very few WBCs and proteins
  • Water
  • Dissolved solutes
32
Q

Contents of lymph? (4)

A
  • WBCs
  • Antibody proteins
  • Water
  • Dissolved solutes
33
Q

Heart pumps? (2)

A
  • Right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of body
34
Q

Valves? (1)

A
  • Stop blood flowing the wrong way
35
Q

Atrioventricular valves? (1)

A
  • Link atria to ventricles
36
Q

Semilunar valves? (1)

A
  • Link ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta
37
Q

How do valves work? (4)

A
  • Valves only open one way
  • Whether they’re open or closed depends on relative pressure of heart chambers
  • Higher pressure behind valve forces it open
  • Higher pressure in front valve forces it shut
38
Q

Cardiac cycle - atrial contraction? (4)

A
  • Ventricles relax
  • Atria contract - volume decreases and pressure increased
  • Blood pushed into ventricles through atrioventricular valves
  • Atria relax
39
Q

Cardiac cycle - ventricular contraction? (4)

A
  • Ventricles contract - volume decreases and pressure increased
  • Atrioventricular valves shut
  • Semilunar valves open
  • Blood pushed out into the pulmonary artery and aorta
40
Q

Cardiac cycle - relaxation? (8)

A
  • Both atria and ventricles are relaxed
  • Semilunar valves to close
  • Atria fill with blood due to the higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein
  • Ventricles continue to relax
  • Ventricular pressure falls below the atrial pressure
  • Atrioventricular valves open
  • Blood flows passively into the ventricles from the atria
  • Atria contract and cycle begins again
41
Q

Cardiac output? (1)

A
  • Heart rate x stroke volume
42
Q

Heart rate? (1)

A
  • Number of beats per minute (bpm)
43
Q

Stroke volume? (1)

A
  • Volume of blood pumped during each heartbeat in cm³
44
Q

Myogenic? (1)

A
  • Cardiac muscle can contract and relax without nervous signals
45
Q

Sino-atrial node (SAN)? (4)

A
  • Is in the wall of the right atrium
  • Pacemaker - sets rhythm of heartbeat
  • Sends out regular waves of electrical activity to atrial walls
  • Signal causes the right and left atria to contract at same time
46
Q

Atrioventricular node (AVN)? (3)

A
  • Electrical activity waves are transferred from SAN to AVN
  • Band of non-conducting collagen tissue prevents waves from being passed directly to ventricles
  • Responsible for passing waves to bundle of His
47
Q

Why is there a slight delay between AVN and the bundle of His? (1)

A
  • Make sure ventricles contract after the atria have emptied
48
Q

Bundle of His? (1)

A
  • Group of muscle fibres responsible for conducting the waves of electrical activity to Purkyne tissue
49
Q

Purkyne tissue? (2)

A
  • Carries waves into muscular walls of right and left ventricles causing them to contract at same time
  • Contraction happens from the bottom up
50
Q

Electrocardiograph? (2)

A
  • Records electrical activity of the heart
  • Records changes in electrical charge using electrodes placed on the chest
51
Q

Depolarisation and repolarisation? (2)

A
  • Depolarisation: losing electrical charge
  • Repolarisation: regaining electrical charge
52
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)? (1)

A
  • The trace produced by an electrocardiograph
53
Q

P wave? (1)

A
  • Is caused by contraction (depolarisation) of the atria
54
Q

QRS complex? (2)

A
  • The main peak of the heartbeat
  • Is caused by contraction (depolarisation) of the ventricles
55
Q

T wave? (1)

A
  • Is caused by relaxation (repolarisation) of the ventricles
56
Q

The height of the wave? (3)

A
  • Indicates how much electrical charge is passing through the heart
  • Bigger wave = more electrical charge
  • A bigger P & R wave = a stronger contraction
57
Q

Tachycardia? (2)

A
  • Heartbeat is fast
  • Heartbeat around 120 beats per minute
58
Q

Bradycardia? (2)

A
  • Heartbeat is slow
  • Heartbeat below 60 beats per minutes
59
Q

Ectopic heartbeat? (4)

A
  • An extra’ heartbeat
  • Caused by earlier contraction of atria than in the previous heartbeats
  • P wave comes earlier than it should
  • Can be caused by early contraction of ventricles
60
Q

Fibrillation? (3)

A
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Atria or ventricles completely lose their rhythm and stop contracting properly
  • Can result in chest pain and fainting to lack of pulse
61
Q

Haemoglobin? (4)

A
  • Protein with quaternary structure
  • Red blood cells contain haemoglobin (Hb)
  • Has a haem group which contains iron and gives haemoglobin its red colour
  • Has a high affinity for oxygen - can carry four oxygen molecules
62
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin? (3)

A
  • In the lungs oxygen joins to the iron in haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • Reversible reaction
  • Haemoglobin + oxygen → oxyhaemoglobin (Hb + 4O2 → HbO8)
63
Q

What does Hb saturation depend on? (1)

A
  • The partial pressure of oxygen
64
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measure of? (2)

A
  • Oxygen concentration
  • The greater the concentration of dissolved oxygen in cells = the higher the partial pressure
65
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measure of? (1)

A
  • CO2 concentration
66
Q

Hb’s affinity for oxygen? (2)

A
  • High affinity at high pO2
  • Low affinity at low pO2
67
Q

Cycle of Hb? (5)

A
  • Oxygen enters blood capillaries at alveoli
  • Alveoli have a high pO2
  • When cells respire & O2 is used up = pO2 is low
  • RBCs carry oxyhaemoglobin and unloads O2 for repairing cells
  • Hb then returns to lungs to pick up more oxygen
68
Q

Interpreting dissociation curves? (3)

A
  • Graph is S-shaped
  • Curve is steep in the middle - this is where O2 binds readily to Hb
  • Shallow at the end - this is where O2 binds less readily to Hb
69
Q

Hb saturation? (2)

A
  • Hb combines with first O2 molecule Hb’s shape alters to make it easier for O2 molecules to join
  • As Hb starts to become saturated, it gets harder for more oxygen molecules to join
70
Q

Why does foetal Hb have a higher affinity to O2 than adult Hb? (4)

A
  • Foetus gets oxygen from its mother’s blood across the placenta
  • O2 saturation of mum’s blood would have decreased by the time it reached the placenta
  • For foetus to get enough O2 it Hb has to have a higher affinity for oxygen at the same pO2 as an adult
  • If foetal Hb had the same affinity for O2 as adult Hb its blood wouldn’t be saturated enough
71
Q

How does pCO2 affect O2 unloading? (3)

A
  • Hb gives up O2 more readily at higher pCO2
  • When cells respire they produce CO2 which raises the pCO2
  • This increased the rate of O2 unloading
72
Q

What is the biochemistry behind CO2 affecting O2 unloading? (5)

A
  • ~ 10% CO2 binds to Hb & is carried to the lungs
  • Most of CO2 from respiring tissues diffuses into RBCs
  • CO2 + H2O → Carbonic acid (catalysed by enzyme carbonic anhydrase)
  • Carbonic acid dissociates → H+ + HCO- (hydrogen carbonate ions)
  • Increase in H+ causes oxyhaemoglobin to unload O2
73
Q

How are the effects of H+ and HCO- on blood pH reduced? (5)

A
  • Hb + H+ → haemoglobinic acid
  • Making haemoglobinic acid stops the hydrogen ions from increasing the cell’s acidity
  • HCO- diffuse out of RBCs & are transported in plasma
  • Cl- enters to compensate HCO- loss (chloride shift)
  • Chloride shift maintains the balance of charge between the red blood cell and the plasma
74
Q

How is CO2 breathed out? (3)

A
  • Blood reaches lungs
  • The low pCO causes HCO- + H+ ions to recombine into CO2 + H2O
  • The CO2 then diffuses into the alveoli and is breathed out
75
Q

Bohr effect? (2)

A
  • When CO2 levels increase = dissociation curve shifts right
  • Shows more oxygen is released from the blood

Biology (10 decks)

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