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Biology > Module 5.2 - Excretion > Flashcards

Module 5.2 - Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion? (2)

A
  • The removal of waste products from the body
  • Excretion maintains normal metabolism and homeostasis
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2
Q

Functions of the liver? (2)

A
  • Deamination
  • Detoxification
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3
Q

Deamination? (3)

A
  • Nitrogen-containing amino groups are removed from amino acids
  • Nitrogen can’t be stored in the body
  • Forms ammonia and organic acids
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4
Q

What happens to organic acids? (2)

A
  • Organic acids are respired to give ATP
  • Converted to carbohydrate and stored as glycogen
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5
Q

What happens to ammonia? (2)

A
  • Ammonia is toxic
  • It is combined with CO2 in the ornithine cycle to create urea
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6
Q

Where does the ammonia + CO2 stage of the ornithine cycle take place? (2)

A
  • Mitochondria of liver cells
  • Other stages take place in the cytoplasm
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7
Q

What happens to urea after the ornithine cycle? (3)

A
  • Released from liver into blood
  • Kidney filters blood and removes urea as urine
  • Urine is excreted
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8
Q

Detoxification? (1)

A
  • Breaks down alcohol, drugs and unwanted hormones
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9
Q

What happens to ethanol (alcohol)? (1)

A
  • Ethanol is broken down into ethanal is broken down into acetic acid
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10
Q

What happens to the body if there is excess alcohol, drugs and unwanted hormones? (3)

A
  • Excess alcohol can cause cirrhosis (liver die and scar tissue blocks blood flow)
  • Dugs such as paracetamol can lead to liver and kidney failure
  • Unwanted hormones such as insulin can effect blood sugar levels
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11
Q

Structure of liver? (6)

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic vein
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Bile duct
  • Lobules
  • Sinusoids
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12
Q

Function of the hepatic artery? (1)

A
  • Oxygenated blood from heart to liver
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13
Q

Function of the hepatic vein? (1)

A
  • Deoxygenated blood from liver to heart
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14
Q

Function of the hepatic portal vein? (1)

A
  • Brings blood from duodenum and ileum which are rich in digested food to be filtered out
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15
Q

Function of the bile duct? (1)

A
  • Bile ducts takes bile to gall bladder for storage
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16
Q

Connection between hepatocytes and the bile ducts? (1)

A
  • Hepatocytes produce bile and release them into bile canaliculi which drain into bile ducts
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17
Q

Structures of the lobules? (3)

A
  • Cylindrical structures made of hepatocytes
  • Has a central vein in the middle that connects to the hepatic vein
  • Has branches of hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct attached to each lobule
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18
Q

What are sinusoids? (2)

A
  • Capillaries that connect the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
  • Has Kupffer cells
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19
Q

Kupffer cells (2)

A
  • Cells that are attached to sinusoids
  • Remove bacteria and breakdown old red blood cells
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20
Q

How are sinusoids and hepatocytes involved in excretion? (2)

A
  • Blood runs through sinusoids and past hepatocytes removing harmful substances and oxygen
  • Hepatocytes breakdown harmful substances and re-enter them into the blood
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21
Q

What does the liver look like under a microscope? (4)

A
  • Central vein: white circular shape
  • Hepatocytes: spread out from central vein
  • Nucleus: red dots
  • Sinusoids: white spaces
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22
Q

Functions of the kidney? (2)

A
  • Excretion of waste products
  • Regulate water potential
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23
Q

How does the kidney excrete waste products? (6)

A
  • Blood enters kidney through renal artery
  • Ultrafiltration
  • Selection reabsorption
  • Unwanted substances pass along tubules & ureter to the bladder
  • Unwanted substances are excreted as urine
  • Filtered blood pass out of kidney through renal vein
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24
Q

Ultrafiltration? (2)

A
  • Blood passes through capillaries in the cortex from renal artery
  • Substances are filtered out into long tubules that surround capillaries
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25
Q

Selective reabsorption? (3)

A
  • Useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from tubules in medulla and cortex
  • Takes place when filtrate flow along proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), through the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • Epithelium of PCT has microvilli for increased larger surface area for reabsorption
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26
Q

What transport mechanism are useful substances reabsorbed by? (3)

A
  • Glucose, amino acids, vitamins and some salts are reabsorbed via active transport and facilitated diffusion
  • Some urea is reabsorbed by diffusion
  • Water enters blood via osmosis
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27
Q

Why reabsorbed via osmosis? (1)

A
  • Water potential of blood is lower than filtrate
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28
Q

Where is water reabsorbed from? (3)

A
  • Loop of Henle
  • DCT
  • Collecting ducts
29
Q

Nephrons? (3)

A
  • Network of long tubules and capillaries
  • Where blood is filtered
  • Abundant in number
30
Q

Role of the nephrons in blood filtration? (4)

A
  • Blood enters the afferent arterioles in cortex from renal artery
  • Each afferent arterioles splits into glomerulus where ultrafiltration takes place
  • The efferent arterioles takes the blood out of the capillaries and into the Bowman’s capsule
  • Filtrate pass along the rest of the nephron and useful substances are reabsorbed
31
Q

From where are useful substances reabsorbed to and from? (1)

A
  • Useful substances leave tubules of nephron and enter capillary network around it
32
Q

Filtrate? (1)

A
  • Liquid and small molecules
33
Q

What happens to the filtrate after filtration? (2)

A
  • Filtrate that remains after selective reabsorption is urine
  • Which flow through collecting duct and pass along ureter to bladder to be expelled
34
Q

Components of urine? (5)

A
  • Water
  • Dissolved salts
  • Urea
  • Hormones
  • Excess vitamins
35
Q

What enters the Bowman’s capsule? (2)

A
  • Filtrate enter the nephron tubules, the capillary wall, the basement membrane before entering the Bowman’s capsule through its epithelium
  • Larger molecules can’t pass through these layers and thus stay in the blood
36
Q

Glomerulus? (1)

A
  • Bundle of capillaries looped inside Bowman’s capsule
37
Q

Afferent arterioles? (1)

A
  • Takes blood into the glomerulus
38
Q

Efferent arterioles? (2)

A
  • Smaller in diameter and is under higher pressure than afferent
  • Its high pressure forces filtrate out of the capillary into the Bowman’s capsule
39
Q

The cortex under a microscope? (4)

A
  • Glomerulus: bundle of capillaries
  • Bowman’s capsule: white area around glomerulus
  • PCTs and DCTs: circular areas surrounded by squamous epithelial cells
  • Nuclei: purple blobs
40
Q

What happens if the body is dehydrated? (3)

A
  • Water potential of blood is too low
  • More water is reabsorbed into blood from nephron tubules
  • Urine is more concentrated - less water is excreted
41
Q

What happens if the body is too hydrated? (3)

A
  • Water potential of blood is too high
  • Less water is reabsorbed into blood from nephron tubules
  • Urine is more dilute - more water is excreted
42
Q

By what transport mechanism is water reabsorbed by? (1)

A
  • Water is reabsorbed via osmosis into the blood from the tubules of the nephrons
43
Q

Loop of Henle? (3)

A
  • Descending limb
  • Ascending limb
  • Limbs help set up counter current multiplier mechanism
44
Q

Counter current multiplier mechanism? (1)

A
  • Mechanism that reabsorb water
45
Q

Counter current multiplier mechanism at the top of the ascending limb? (3)

A
  • Na+ & Cl- diffuse out of medulla at top of ascending limb
  • Water stays inside tubule as ascending limb is impermeable to water
  • Creates low water potential in medulla
46
Q

Counter current multiplier mechanism at the descending limb? (4)

A
  • Water moves out of descending limb into medulla via osmosis
  • Due to lower water potential in medulla than in descending limb
  • Filtrate becomes more concentration
  • Water is reabsorbed into blood through capillary network from the medulla
47
Q

Counter current multiplier mechanism at the bottom of the ascending limb? (3)

A
  • Na+ & Cl- diffuse out of medulla at the bottom of ascending limb
  • Lowering watering water potential in medulla
  • Water stays inside tubule
48
Q

Counter current multiplier mechanism at collecting duct? (3)

A
  • Water to moves out of collecting duct via osmosis
  • Due to lower water potential in medulla than in collecting duct
  • Water is reabsorbed into blood through capillary network from the medulla
49
Q

What is an adaptation of the loop of Henle for animals who live in areas of low water? (4)

A
  • Longer loops of Henle
  • Long the ascending limb the more ions that can be pumped out
  • The more water that can be reabsorbed
  • Animal can save more water
50
Q

ADH? (1)

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
51
Q

ADH level when dehydrated? (8)

A
  • Water potential of blood drops
  • Detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • Posterior pituitary gland is stimulated to release ADH
  • ADH level rises
  • ADH makes DCT and collecting duct walls more permeable to water
  • More water can be reabsorbed from these tubules to medulla
  • Small amount of highly concentrated urine formed
  • Less water is loss
52
Q

ADH level when hydrated? (8)

A
  • Water potential of blood rises
  • Detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • Posterior pituitary gland is stimulated to release less ADH
  • ADH level lower
  • Less ADH makes DCT and collecting duct walls less permeable to water
  • Less water can be reabsorbed from these tubules to medulla
  • Large amount of dilute urine formed
  • More water is loss
53
Q

What is kidney failure? (1)

A
  • Kidney can’t carry out normal functions properly
54
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? (3)

A
  • Can be detected by measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • GFR is the rate at which blood is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule from the glomerulus
  • A lower rate can indicate and faulty kidney
55
Q

Causes of kidney failure? (2)

A
  • Infections: inflammation which damages cells, interfering with filtration in the Bowman’s capsules or reabsorption in parts of the nephron
  • High blood pressure: can damage the glomeruli capillaries causing larger molecules to enter capillary walls and into urine
56
Q

Consequences of kidney failure? (4)

A
  • Waste products build-up
  • Parts of the body swell as fluid accumulate in tissues
  • Unbalance of electrolytes
  • Long term kidney failure can cause anaemia
57
Q

Consequence of too much urea in the blood? (1)

A
  • Weight loss and vomiting
58
Q

Examples of the consequence of unbalanced electrolytes? (2)

A
  • Imbalance of Ca2+ and P3- can lead to brittle bones
  • Salt build-up can cause more water retention
59
Q

Treatment options of kidney failure? (2)

A
  • Renal dialysis
  • Kidney transplant
60
Q

Renal dialysis? (4)

A
  • Haemodialysis
  • Peritoneal dialysis
  • Keep a person alive until transplant is available
  • Less risky than surgery
61
Q

Haemodialysis? (6)

A
  • Blood passed through dialysis machine
  • Blood flows on one side of partially permeable membrane and dialysis machine flows through the other side
  • Waster products, excess water and ions diffuse across membrane and into dialysis fluid
  • Larger molecules are prevented from leaving
  • Sessions take two to five hours and done two-three times a week
  • One can feel unwell in between sessions
62
Q

Peritoneal dialysis? (6)

A
  • Dialysis fluid is put in a tube that passes from the abdomen into their abdominal cavity
  • Waste products diffuse out of patient’s blood into dialysis fluid across the peritoneum
  • Fluid is drained out of the tube
  • Several times a day or one long session overnight
  • Risk of infection
  • No dialysis-free days
63
Q

Peritoneum? (1)

A
  • Membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
64
Q

Kidney transplant? (5)

A
  • Kidney needs to be same blood and tissue type of patient
  • Living relative or dead person donor
  • Transplants are cheaper than dialysis
  • Major operation with high risk
  • Immunosuppressants needed
65
Q

How do pregnancy tests work? (5)

A
  • Test strip containing monoclonal antibodies for hCG bound to blue bead
  • Urine will bind to antibodies on the beads
  • Urine moves up test strip taking bead up with it
  • Antibodies-hCG will be stuck in place
  • If hCG is present test strip will become blue as blue beads become concentrated in the are
66
Q

hCG? (1)

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone only found in pregnant women’s urine
67
Q

How do drug tests for steroids work? (6)

A
  • Anabolic steroids build up in muscle tissue
  • Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
  • In GC urine is vaporised and passed through column containing a polymer
  • Different substances move at different speeds - urine will sperate out
  • One separated MS converts them into ions and will sperate them by its mass and charge
  • Results will be analysed by a computer by comparing known substance to unknown substances to identify them
68
Q

How do drug tests for recreational drugs work? (5)

A
  • Can test for cannabis, ecstasy or cocaine
  • Test strip containing antibodies for the drug being tested on
  • Urine containing drug will bind o antibodies
  • Colour change will happen for positive test
  • If positive another test will be sent for GC/MS analysis

Biology (10 decks)

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