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BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology > Module 5: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Module 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The skin makes up about ___% of body weight in the human body and covers an area of _____.

A

The skin makes up about 16% of body weight in the human body and covers an area of 1.5 - 2m².

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2
Q

Integumentary system

A

The skin and its accessory structures.

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3
Q

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

A

Epidermis: Outermost tissue layer of skin, composed of 4-5 layers of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.

Dermis: Layer of skin between epidermis and hypodermis composed mainly of connective tissue.

Hypodermis: Connective tissue connecting the skin to the underlying bone and muscle.
-Stores fat and provides insulation and cushioning.

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4
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum corneum: The outermost layer of the epidermis, replaced over approx. 4 weeks.
  2. Stratum lucidum: The extra layer in “thick skin” located between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. It is found only on palms and soles.
  3. Stratum granulosum: Grainy-looking layer of the epidermis.
  4. Stratum spinosum: Spiny-looking layer of the epidermis characterised by the presence of desmosomes.
  5. Stratum basale: Deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells.
    - It attaches the epidermis to the basal lamina and the dermis underneath.
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5
Q

Keratinocyte

Keratin

A

Keratinocyte: Cell that manufactures and stores keratin. It is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis.

Keratin: Type of structural protein that gives skin, hair and nails its hard, water-resistant properties.

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6
Q

Dermal papilla

A

Extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and the dermis.

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7
Q

Basal cell
Merkel cell
Melanocyte

A

Basal cell: Cuboidal-shaped stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrox that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis.

Merkel cell: Receptor cell in the stratum basale that responds to the sense of touch.

Melanocyte: Cell found in the stratum basale that produces the pigment melanin.

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8
Q

The stratum basale is primarily made up of _____ cells but also contains ________ and ________.

A

The stratum basale is primarily made up of basal cells but also contains Merkel cells and Melanocytes.

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9
Q

Which 2 parts structurally make up the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis - superficial portion composed of epithelial tissue.
  2. Dermis - deeper layer composed of connective tissue.
    * Hypodermis lies deep within the dermis.
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10
Q

What 4 main cell types make up the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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11
Q

Desmosome

A

Structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells.

They interlock with each other to strengthen the bond between cells.

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12
Q

Langerhans cell

A

Specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage.

It engulfs bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells that occur in this layer.

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13
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum.

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14
Q

Eleiden

A

Clear, protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss.

It gives keratin cells their transparent appearance and provides a barrier to water.

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15
Q

There are usually _____ layers of cells in the stratum corneum.

A

There are usually 15-30 layers of cells in the stratum corneum.

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer - superficial layer made of loose, areolar connective tissue.
    - Contains fibroblasts, some adipocytes, phagocytes, and small blood vessels.
  2. Reticular layer - deeper layer of the dermis made of dense, irregular connective tissue.
    - Well-vascularized with a rich sensory and sympathetic nerve supply.
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17
Q

Elastin fibers

A

Fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis, enabling movement.

18
Q

What are the 3 main pigments in the dermis that are responsible for the variety of skin colours?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
19
Q

Melanosome

A

Intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis.

20
Q

What are the 2 primary forms of melanin?

A
  1. Eumelanin - black & brown shades

2. Pheomelanin - red shades

21
Q

How does exposure to UV rays cause skin to become darker?

A

It causes melanin to be manufactured and built up in keratinocytes as sun exposure stimulates keratinocytes to secrete chemicals that stimulate melanocytes.

22
Q

What are 2 advantages of increased melanin and one disadvantage?

A

Increased melanin protects the DNA of epidermal cells from UV damage and the breakdown of folic acid, but it can interfere with vitamin D production.

23
Q

Albinism

Vitiligo

A

Albinism: Genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production.

Vitiligo: Skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose their ability to produce melanin, possibly due to an autoimmune reaction that leads to the loss of colour in patches.

24
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

A
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
25
Q

Hair

A

A keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis made primarily of dead, keratinized cells.

26
Q

Hair follicle
Hair shaft
Hair root

A

Hair follicle: cavity or sac from which hair originates.

Hair shaft: part of the hair that is above the epidermis but is not anchored to the follicle.

Hair root: part of hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle.

27
Q

Hair bulb
Hair matrix
Hair papilla

A

Hair bulb: structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla.

Hair matrix: layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows.

Hair papilla: mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle.

28
Q

In hair:

Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

A

Medulla: the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix (the hair’s central core).
-Not all hair has this.

Cortex: the middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb.

Cuticle: the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix.

29
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up hair?

A
  1. Shaft (above surface)
  2. Root (penetrates dermis)
  3. Follicle (2 epidermal layers surrounding the root)
30
Q

What are 4 functions of hair?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Sensory input
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Communication
31
Q

Internal root sheath
External root sheath
Glassy membrane

A

Internal root sheath: Innermost layer of keratinocytes in the hair follicle that surround the hair root up to the hair shaft.
-They are derived from the basal cells of the cell matrix.

External root sheath: Outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root.
-Base is made up of basal cells, upper regions are more keratinous.

Glassy membrane: Thick, clear connective tissue layer that surrounds the base of the hair follicle, connecting it to the dermis.

32
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

A
  1. Anagen phase - active phase of the hair growth cycle where cells divide rapidly at the root, pushing the hair shaft up and out.
    - It typically lasts around 2-7 years.
  2. Catagen phase - transitional phase marking the end of the hair growth cycle.
    - It usually lasts around 2-3 weeks.
  3. Telogen phase - resting phase of the hair growth cycle when no new growth occurs.
    - Lasts about 2-4 months, then another anagen phase begins.
33
Q

What are 3 things that can cause hair loss?

A
  1. Hormonal changes
  2. Dietary changes
  3. Aging process
34
Q

Nail body
Nail bed
Nail root

A

Nail body: main keratinous plate that forms the nail, made up of densely-packed dead keratinocytes.
-It provides protection.

Nail bed: layer of epidermis upon which the nail body forms.

Nail root: part of the nail that is lodged deep in the epidermis where the nail grows from, enabling the nail to keep growing.

35
Q

Nail fold
Eponychium
Hyponychium
Lunula

A

Nail fold: fold of epithelium that overlaps the nail on each side, holding it in place.

Eponychium: fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed (aka cuticle).

Hyponychium: thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies beneath the free edge of the nail.

Lunula: basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium.
Lunula

36
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands, which exist to cool the body down when it gets warm.

They are classified as a type of merocrine gland.

37
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine - produces hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation via deep, coiled glands with a duct that opens on the surface of the skin.
    - Common on the body, especially palms, soles, forehead.
  2. Apocrene - larger and deeper sweat gland that secretes thicker sweat which includes organic compounds in its makeup.
    - Found in armpits and genital region.
38
Q

Sebaceous gland

Sebum

A

Sebaceous gland: Type of oil gland found all over body that helps lubricate and waterproof hair and skin with sebum.

Sebum: Oily substance made of a lipid mixture that lubricates skin and hair.

39
Q

What are the 3 main types of skin glands?

A
  1. Sebaceous (oil) glands
  2. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
    •Eccrine
    •Apocrine
  3. Ceruminous glands
40
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified sudoriferous glands that produce a waxy substance (cerumen).
-Found in ears.

41
Q

What are the 5 major functions of the skin?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Protection (from microorganisms, chemicals, dehydration, etc.)
  3. Sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, heat, cold, pain, etc.)
  4. Excretion and absorption
  5. Synthesis of vitamin D
42
Q

Meissner corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Meissner corpuscle: receptor in the skin that responds to light touch.
-Also called tactile corpuscle.

Pacinian corpuscle: receptor in the skin that responds to vibration.
-Also called lamellated corpuscle.

BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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