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BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology > Module 2: Introduction to Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 2: Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass.

-An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether it is affected by gravity or not.

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2
Q

Element

A

A pure substance which cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means.

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.

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5
Q

Isotope

A

One of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other.

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6
Q

Heavy isotope

A

An isotope that contains more than the usual number of neutrons. They tend to be unstable, and unstable isotopes are radioactive.

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7
Q

Ion
Cation
Anion

A

Ion: An atom that has lost or gained an electron and now has an overall positive or negative charge.

Cation: A positively charged ion.

Anion: A negatively charged ion.

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8
Q

Free radical

A

An electrically-charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

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9
Q

Antioxidants

A

Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals.

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10
Q

Reactants

Products

A

Reactants are the starting substances in a chemical reaction.

Products are the ending substances in a chemical reaction.

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11
Q

Synthesis reaction
Decomposition reaction
Exchange reaction

A

Synthesis reaction: A type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule. A+B→AB

Decomposition reaction: A type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms. AB→A+B

Exchange reaction: A type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components. A+BC→AB+C

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12
Q

Oxidation

Reduction

A

Oxidation - The loss of electrons from a molecule, resulting in a gain of oxygen.

Reduction - The gain of electrons from a molecule, resulting in a loss of oxygen.

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13
Q

Reduction

A

The gain of electrons by a molecule, resulting in an increase in the potential energy of the molecule.

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis

A

Hydrolysis breaks large molecules down into simpler ones by adding a molecule of water.

Dehydration synthesis occurs when two simple molecules join together, releasing a molecule of water in the process.

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15
Q

What are the two models to help imagine the structure of an atom?

A
  1. Planetary model

2. Electron cloud model

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16
Q

Radioactive isotope / Radioisotope

A

Unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles as it decays.

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak bond where two other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) associate with a hydrogen atom.

-They are too weak to bind atoms into molecules.

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18
Q

Anabolic chemical reaction

A

A type of chemical reaction that forms larger molecules from smaller molecules/atoms.

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19
Q

Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Chemical energy

A

Kinetic energy: energy that matter possesses because of its motion.

Potential energy: stored energy that matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components.

Chemical energy is the form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds.

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20
Q

Exergonic reactions

Endergonic reactions

A

Exergonic: chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb. Example: the release of chemical energy from food (fuel) to heat.

Endergonic: chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release.

-The energy for endergonic reactions often comes from exergonic reactions.

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21
Q

Mechanical energy
Radiant energy
Electrical energy

A

Mechanical energy is stored in physical systems and directly powers the movement of matter. Example: muscles providing the energy to lift something.

Radiant energy is emitted and transmitted as waves rather than matter. Example: body using UV energy of sunlight to convert a compound in skin cells to vitamin D.

Electrical energy is supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids.

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22
Q

What are 4 factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A
  1. Properties of the reactants (reactivity, surface area, etc.).
  2. Temperature (most occur faster at high temps).
  3. Concentration and pressure.
  4. Enzymes and other catalysts.
23
Q

Concentration

A

Number of particles within a given space.

24
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change.

It helps increase the rate and force at which atoms, ions, and molecules collide, which increases the probability that their valence shell electrons will interact.

25
Q

Enzyme

A

The most important catalyst in the human body, made up of protein or RNA.

It lowers the level of energy that needs to be invested in a chemical reaction (like all catalysts). Without an enzyme to act as a catalyst, a much larger investment of energy is needed to ignite a chemical reaction.

26
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.

27
Q

Inorganic compound

Organic compound

A

Inorganic compound: substance that does not contain both hydrogen and carbon.

Organic compound: substance that does contain both carbon and hydrogen. It also usually contains oxygen.

28
Q

What are the 4 types of organic compounds most important to human structure and function?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleotides
29
Q

Macromolecule
Monomer
Polymer

A

Macromolecule: A large molecule formed by covalent bonding.

Monomer: a “copy” of a single unit in a macromolecule.

Polymer: A linking of monomers formed by dehydration synthesis.

30
Q

Heat sink

A

A substance that absorbs or dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature.

31
Q

Mixture

A

A combination of two or more substances, each of which maintains its own chemical identity.

32
Q

What are the 3 types of liquid mixtures?

A
  1. Solution: a liquid mixture in which a solute is evenly dissolved into molecules within a solvent.
  2. Colloid: a liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light (Example: milk).
  3. Suspension: a liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time. (This separation is called sedimentation).
33
Q

Molarity

A

A method of measuring the concentration of a solute - moles (M) per litre (L)

The mole of an element is its atomic weight. The mole of a compound is its molecular weight.

34
Q

Define the term salt, and give an example.

A

When put in water, a salt is a substance that dissociates into cations and anions neither of which is (H+) or (OH-). An example of a salt is sodium chloride.

35
Q

Acid
Base
Buffer

A

Acid: a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

Base: a compound that releases hydroxyl (OH-) in solution, or accepts H+ already present.

A buffer is a solution containing a weak acid or base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids.

36
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio. They provide most of the energy needed for life.

37
Q

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

A

Monosaccharide: a monomer of carbohydrates.

Disaccharide: made up of 2 monomers.

Polysaccharide: made up of more than 2 monomers.

38
Q

What are 5 monosaccharides that are important in the body?

A 
Hexose sugars:
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
Pentose sugars:
  4. Ribose
  5. Deoxyribose
39
Q

What are 3 disaccharides that are important to humans?

A
  1. Sucrose: glucose + fructose (table sugar)
  2. Lactose: glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
  3. Maltose: glucose + glucose (malt sugar)
40
Q

What are 3 polysaccharides that are important to the body?

A
  1. Starches - polymers of glucose in plants.
  2. Glycogen - polymers of glucose stored in tissues of animals.
  3. Cellulose - component of plant food known as fiber.
41
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

A nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer. It is the principal energy-storing molecule in the body.

42
Q

Lipid

A

Nonpolar organic compound built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water.

They are hydrophobic and do not form a true solution in water, but may form an emulsion.

43
Q

Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Steroid/Sterol
Prostaglandin

A

Triglyceride: A liquid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with 3 fatty acid chains. They are the most plentiful lipids in the body.

Phospholipid: A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride. They are structurally similar to triglycerides.

Steroid/Sterol: A lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules. (Cholesterol is the most important)

Prostaglandin: A lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes.

44
Q

Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids are fatty acid chains that have no double carbon bonds in their length. They pack together tightly and are solid or semi-solid at room temp.

Unsaturated fatty acids have a double carbon bond, making them unable to pack tightly together. They are liquid at room temp.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds.

Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond.

45
Q

Proteins

A

A class of organic compounds composed of many (more than 100) amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

They give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, help muscles contract, transport substances, and serve as enzymes.

46
Q

Amino acids

Essential amino acids

A

Amino acids: Nitrogen-containing monomers composed of hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, and a side chain (R group).

Essential amino acids: 9 amino acids that cannot be synthesized and have to be consumed in the diet.

47
Q

Peptide

Peptide bond

A

Peptide: a very short chain of amino acids.

Peptide bond: a covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids. It forms protein polymers.

48
Q

Disulfide bond

A

Covalent bond between sulphur atoms in a polypeptide.

49
Q

Denaturation

A

Change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.

Denatured proteins lose their functional shape and are no longer able to carry out their jobs.

50
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant in an enzymatic reaction (they bind to the enzyme).

51
Q

Nucleotide

A

Class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base.

They can be assembled into nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), or ATP.

52
Q 
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A

RNA: ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein. Bases include adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil)

DNA - deoxyribose (one less oxygen atom than ribose)-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information. Bases include adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

53
Q

Purine

Pyrimidine

A

Purine: nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure (adenine and guanine).

Pyrimidine: nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).

BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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