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BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology > Module 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Module 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions.

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2
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial - provides protection for underlying tissue.
  2. Connective - protects and supports the body and its organs, stores energy reserves as fat and provides immunity.
  3. Muscle - responsible for movement and generation of force.
  4. Nervous - helps coordinate body activities via action potentials, monitors the external environment, and contributes to homeostasis.
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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body.

Also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion.

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds the cells and organs of the body together.

Also functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body.

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6
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation.

Produces movement.

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7
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

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8
Q

Totipotent

A

Embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell or organ in the body.

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9
Q

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

A

Ectoderm: outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and nervous tissue derive.

Mesoderm: middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive.

Endoderm: innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive.

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10
Q

Define tissue membrane.

What are the 2 basic types?

A

Tissue membrane is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities.

The two basic types are:
1. Connective tissue membranes
2. Epithelial membranes

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11
Q

Connective tissue membrane

Epithelial membrane

A

Connective tissue membrane: connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines moveable joints.

Epithelial membrane: epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue.

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12
Q

Synovial membrane

Mucous membrane

A

Synovial membrane: connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely moveable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication.

Mucous membrane: tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment.
-Composite of connective and epithelial tissues.

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13
Q

Lamina propria

A

Areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane which helps to support the fragile epithelial layer.

“Own layer”

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14
Q

Serous membrane

Cutaneous membrane

A

Serous membrane: type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid.

Cutaneous membrane: epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial membrane resting on top of connective tissue (our skin).

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15
Q

Name 3 serous membranes in the body.

A
  1. Pleura that cover the lungs.
  2. Pericardium that covers the heart.
  3. Peritoneum that covers abdominal and digestive organs.
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16
Q

Cell junction

A

Point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue.

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17
Q

Apical

A

Part of a cell or tissue that faces an open space.

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18
Q

Basal lamina

Reticular lamina

A

Basal lamina: thin, extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues.

Reticular lamina: matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue.

Both are components of the basement membrane.

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19
Q

Basement membrane

A

In epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.

Made up of basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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20
Q

What are the 3 basic types of connections that allow varying degrees of interaction between epithelial cells?

A
  1. Tight junctions - barrier forming.
  2. Anchoring junctions - stabilizing.
  3. Gap junctions - signal conducting.
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21
Q

Tight junction
Anchoring junction
Gap junction

A

Tight junction: forms an impermeable barrier between cells.

Anchoring junction: mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane.
-Helps stabilize epithelial tissue.

Gap junction: forms an intercellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate the movement of small molecules and ions.

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of anchoring junctions?

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Hemidesmosomes
  3. Adherens
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23
Q

Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium: tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells.

Simple cuboidal epithelium: tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells.

Simple columnar epithelium: tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells.

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24
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue?

A

• Squamous - flattened and thin.
• Cuboidal - boxy and square.
• Columnar - rectangular.

• Simple - one layer.
• Stratified - more than one layer.
• Pseudostratified - single layer of irregularly shaped cells that give the appearance of more than one layer.

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25
Q

Endothelium

Mesothelium

A

Endothelium: tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system.

Mesothelium: tissue that covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes.

Both are made up of simple squamous epithelium.

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26
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly-shaped and sized cells, giving the appearance of multiple layers.

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27
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous.

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28
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells.

It is the most common type of stratified epithelium in the body.

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29
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

A rare type of tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.

It is found in some ducts.

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30
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells.

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31
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract.

It is characterised by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine.

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32
Q

What is a gland?

What are the 2 types of glands?

A

A gland is a single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.

The 2 types of glands are:
1. Endocrine - ductless glands that release secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids.
2. Exocrine - gland whose secretions leave through a duct that opens directly or indirectly to the external environment.

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33
Q

Merocrine secretion
Apocrine secretion
Holocrine secretion

A

Merocrine secretion: release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis (example: eccrine sweat glands).
-Most common type of exocrine secretion.

Apocrine secretion: release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell (example: apocrine sweat glands).

Holocrine secretion: release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion (example: sebaceous oil glands).

34
Q

Serous gland

Mucous gland

A

Serous gland: group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface.

Mucous gland: group of cells that secrete a thick, slippery substance (mucous) that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant.

35
Q

Matrix

A

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it.

It is a web of proteins and carbohydrates at the cell surface that plays a major role in the functioning of connective tissue.

36
Q

Ground substance

A

Fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix.

It can also be mineralized and solid (bones).

37
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive.

It is the first connective tissue to develop in the embryo and clusters are scattered throughout adult tissue to supply cells needed to repair connective tissue injuries.

38
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

Specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord that is no longer present after birth.

Also called Wharton’s Jelly.

39
Q

What are the categories of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    •Loose connective tissue
    •Dense connective tissue
  2. Supportive connective tissue
    •Bone
    •Cartilage
  3. Fluid connective tissue
    •Blood
    •Lymph
40
Q

Connective tissue proper
Supportive connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper: connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells.

Supportive connective tissue: type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue.

Fluid connective tissue: specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins.

41
Q

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue: type of connective tissue proper where fibers are loosely organized, leaving large spaces in between.
-Also called areolar tissue.

Dense connective tissue: connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection.

42
Q

Fibroblast

Fibrocyte

A

Fibroblast: most abundant cell type in CT, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space.
-Present in all connective tissue proper.

Fibrocyte: less active form of fibroblast.
-Second most common cell type after fibroblast in connective tissue proper.

43
Q

What are adipocytes?

What are the two kinds?

A

Adipocytes are cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm.

  1. Brown adipocytes - store lipids as many droplets and have high metabolic activity.
  2. White adipocytes - store lipids as a single large drop and are metabolically less active.
44
Q

Mesenchymal cell

A

Adult stem cell from which more CT cells are derived.

They can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells needed for repair and healing of damaged tissue.

45
Q

What are the 3 main types of fibers secreted by fibroblasts?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastin
  3. Reticular
46
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength. They are made from fibrous protein subunits linked together to form a long and straight fiber.

-bones
-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments

47
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Fibrous proteins within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin (allows fibers to stretch and return to their original size).

-skin
-blood vessels
-lungs

48
Q

Reticular fiber

A

Fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting “nets” within connective tissue.

49
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional cells of a gland or organ in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ.

50
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat.

Consists mostly of fat storage cells, with little extracellular matrix.

51
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver.

52
Q

How are epithelia and connective tissue alike?
How are they different?

A

They both have a nerve supply.

Unlike epithelia, connective tissues do not occur on free surfaces and are highly vascular.

53
Q

-blast

-cyte

A

-blast : immature cells

-cyte : mature cells

54
Q

What are the 2 major categories of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Regular (parallel to each other)
  2. Irregular (random fiber directions)
55
Q

Chondrocytes

Lacunae

A

Chondrocytes: cells of the cartilage.

Lacunae: small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy.

56
Q

What are the 3 main types of cartilage tissue?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
57
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most common type of cartilage, it is smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulphate ground substance.

Found in the ribcage and nose and covers bones where they meet to form moveable joints.

58
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Tough form of cartilage made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulphate ground substance.

Found in menisci in knee joints and intervertebral discs.

59
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Cartilage with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity.

Found in the external ear.

60
Q

Bone
Blood
Lymph

A

Bone: the hardest connective tissue. It provides protection to internal organs and supports the body.

Blood: consists of a liquid matrix called plasma and formed elements.

Lymph: the interstitial fluid flowing in the lymph vessels.

61
Q

The basic unit of compact bone is the Haversian system, which consists of what 4 parts?

A
  1. The lamella - concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts that give bone its hardness, and collagen fibers that give bone its strength.
  2. Lacunae - small spaces between the lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes).
  3. Canaliculi - minute canals that provide routes for nutrient and waste transport.
  4. Central (Haversian) canal - contains blood vessels and nerves.
62
Q

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells): function in transporting respiratory gases.

Leukocytes (white blood cells): involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions.

Thrombocytes (platelets): function in blood clotting.

63
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
64
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

A

Skeletal: attached to bones, they participate in thermal homeostasis by generating heat.
-They make locomotion possible.

Cardiac: heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers.

Smooth: under involuntary control, moves internal organs.

65
Q

Myocyte

Cardiomyocytes

A

Myocyte: muscle cell.

Cardiomyocyte: cells of cardiac muscle.

66
Q

Striation

A

Alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern.

67
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells that make up nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neuron (nerve cell): excitable cell that transfers nerve impulses.
  2. Neuroglia: protective and supporting neural cells.
68
Q

Bipolar neurons

Unipolar neurons

A

Bipolar neurons have a single dendrite and axon within the cell body.

Unipolar neurons have only a single process extending out from the cell body, which divides into a functional dendrite and functional axon.

69
Q

Astrocyte

A

Star-shaped cell in the CNS that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier.

70
Q

Oligodendrocyte

Schwann cell

A

Oligodendrocyte: neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the CNS.

Schwann cell: neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the PNS.

71
Q

Inflammation

A

A tissue’s response to injury in an attempt to contain the damage caused and initiate the repair and regenerative processes.

72
Q

Necrosis

Apoptosis

A

Necrosis: accidental death of cells and tissues.

Apoptosis: programmed cell death.
-A step-by-step process that destroys cells no longer needed without initiating the inflammatory response.

73
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Pain
  4. Local heat
74
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of the blood vessels.

75
Q

Histamine

A

Chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability.

76
Q

Edema

A

Swelling due to excess liquid in tissue.

77
Q

Clotting

A

Complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding.

Also called coagulation.

78
Q

Primary union

Secondary union

A

Primary union: condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing.

Secondary union: wound healing facilitated by wound contraction.

79
Q

Wound contraction

A

Process where the borders of a wound are physically drawn together.

80
Q

Atrophy

A

Loss of mass and function.

BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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