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BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology > Module 1: An Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

Module 1: An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of biological structures and their interrelationships.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how bodily structures function.

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3
Q

Gross anatomy (aka macroscopic anatomy)

A

The study of larger structures within the body, visible without the aid of magnification.

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4
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

The study of structures that can only be observed using magnification devices.

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5
Q

What are the 2 general approaches that anatomists take to the study of the body’s structures?

A
  1. Regional

2. Systemic

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6
Q

Regional anatomy

A

The study of interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region.

Example: the abdomen.

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7
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The study of structures that make up a discrete body system.

Example: a study of the muscular system would consider all the skeletal muscles of the body.

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8
Q

Anatomy is about ________ while physiology is about ________.

A

Anatomy is about structure while physiology is about function.

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by all living things.

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10
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organismal
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11
Q

Organs

A

Structures of definite form that have specific functions.

They are comprised of 2 or more different tissues.

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12
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor.

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13
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism.

They are the smallest independently functioning unit of an organism.

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14
Q

Systems

A

Related organs that have a common function.

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15
Q

What does the chemical level consist of?

A

Subatomic particles, atoms and molecules.

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16
Q

Organelle

A

A structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell (much like an organ does in the body).

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17
Q

Organism

A

A living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

It is the highest level of organization.

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18
Q

What are the 11 systems in the human body?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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19
Q

What are the 6 life processes of humans?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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20
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes within the body (anabolistic and catabolistic).

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21
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external and internal environment.

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22
Q

Movement

A

The motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and organelles inside the cells.

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23
Q

Growth

A

An increase in size and complexity due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both.

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24
Q

Differentiation

A

The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.

It is a process of development.

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25
Q

Reproduction

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.

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26
Q

What is the body’s largest organ system?

A

The integumentary system.

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of reactions that contribute to metabolism?

A
  1. Anabolism

2. Catabolism

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28
Q

Anabolism

A

The process in which smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances.

The body utilizes energy by combining small molecules from ingested food to assemble the complex chemicals it needs.

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29
Q

Catabolism

A

The process in which larger, more complex substances are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules.

The body releases energy by breaking down complex molecules from foods and using their parts.

30
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A chemical compound found in the body that stores and releases energy.

Every cell in the body makes use of this.

31
Q

Development

A

All the changes the body goes through in life.

Involves the processes of growth and repair, which both involve cell differentiation.

32
Q

Which two systems regulate homeostasis?

A
  1. The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract a disruption.
  2. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.
33
Q

Set point

Normal range

A

Set point: The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates.

Normal range: the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable.

34
Q

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

A

Negative feedback: a mechanism that reverses a deviation from a set point, keeping body parameters within their normal range.

Positive feedback: a mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it, moving the system further from the normal range.

35
Q

Feedback system

A

A cycle of events through which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back to a control region.

36
Q

Stimulus

A

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.

37
Q

What are the 3 basic components that a feedback system consists of?

A
  1. Receptor - monitors changes in a controlled condition and reports it via nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control centre.
  2. Control centre - sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, evaluates the input received, and generates output commands when needed.
  3. Effector - received output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
38
Q

Disorder

A

A general term for any abnormality of function.

39
Q

Disease

A

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

40
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

Example: nausea or headache.

41
Q

Signs

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure.

Example: fever or rash.

42
Q

Anatomical position

A

A standardized method for observing or imaging the body, which allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

43
Q

A body lying down is described as…

A

Prone - face down.

Supine - face up.

44
Q

Ventral (anterior) plane

Dorsal (posterior) plane

A

Ventral (anterior) plane: Front or towards the front of the body.

Dorsal (posterior) plane: back or towards the back of the body.

45
Q

Superior/cranial plane

Inferior/caudal plane

A

Superior/cranial plane: Position above or higher than another part of the body.

Inferior/caudal plane: Position below or lower than another part of the body.

46
Q

Lateral

Medial

A

Lateral: Side or towards the side of the body.

Medial: Middle or towards the middle of the body.

47
Q

Proximal

Distal

A

Proximal: Position on a limb that is nearer the trunk of the body.

Distal: Position on a limb that is farther than the trunk of the body.

48
Q

Superficial

Deep

A

Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body.

Deep: Farther from the surface of the body.

49
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary lines that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas.

50
Q

Section

A

A two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut.

51
Q

Sagittal plane

Midsagittal/Median plane

Parasagittal plane

A

Sagittal plane: divides the body or organ vertically into right and left sides.

Midsagittal plane: divides the body into equal left and right sides.

Parasagittal plane: divides the body into unequal left and right sides.

52
Q

Frontal plane (or coronal plane)

Transverse plane

A

Frontal plane (or coronal plane): divides the body or organ into an anterior and posterior portion.

Transverse plane: divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions.

53
Q

What are the 2 largest body compartments?

A
  1. Dorsal (posterior) cavity

2. Ventral (anterior) cavity

54
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Located near the dorsal surface of the body, it contains:

  • The vertebral (spinal) cavity, which surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
  • The cranial cavity, which surrounds and protects the brain.
55
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Located near the ventral surface, it allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions. It contains:

  • Thoracic cavity, which contains the heart (in the pericardial cavity) and the lungs.
  • Abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the digestive and reproductive organs.
56
Q

What is the largest cavity in the body?

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

57
Q

Mediastinum

A

A broad, median partition between the lungs that contains everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs.

58
Q

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

A
  1. Right upper quandrant (RUC)
  2. Left upper quandrant (LUQ)
  3. Right lower quandrant (RLQ)
  4. Left lower quandrant (LLQ)
59
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A
  1. Right hypochondriac region
  2. Left hypochondriac region
  3. Epigastric region
  4. Right lumbar region
  5. Left lumbar region
  6. Umbilical region
  7. Right iliac region
  8. Left iliac region
  9. Hypogastric region
60
Q

List in order, from the lowest to the highest, the levels of structural organization within the human body.

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organismal level
61
Q

List the principal systems of the human body.

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Cardiovascular
  6. Endocrine
  7. Reproductive
  8. Lymphatic
  9. Respiratory
  10. Digestive
  11. Urinary
62
Q

Describe the functions of the following systems:

a) Integumentary
b) Endocrine
c) Respiratory
d) Urinary

A

a) The integumentary system protects the body; synthesizes vitamin D; receives external stimuli such as temperature, pain, and pressure; and helps to regulate body temperature.
b) The endocrine system produces hormones and releases them into the blood to regulate metabolic activities.
c) The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the body, removes carbon dioxide from the blood, and helps to regulate pH levels.
d) The urinary system regulates the chemical composition of body fluids and eliminates wastes from the body.

63
Q

List the six criteria that distinguish living from non-living forms:

A

a) Metabolism - all chemical reactions of the body
b) Responsiveness - detection of and response to stimuli
c) Movement - motion of cells, the body
d) Growth - increase in size and complexity
e) Differentiation - specialization of cells
f) Reproduction - new cells or new individual

64
Q

What is meant by the term anatomic position?

A

Anatomical position is a standardized way of accurately describing areas of the body. The subject stands erect, with hands at sides and palms forward, feet shoulder width apart and toes facing forward.

65
Q

Define the following directional terms:

a) Inferior
b) Medial
c) Proximal

A

a) Inferior—away from the head, towards the lower end of a structure
b) Medial—nearer to the midline of the body or structure
c) Proximal—nearer to the point of attachment or origin of a structure; closer to the main axis of the body

66
Q

Define a frontal and a midsagittal plane.

A

The frontal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.

The midsagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into equal right and left halves.

67
Q

Describe the following body cavities:

a) Cranial
b) Thoracic
c) Pericardial

A

a) Cranial cavity—the cavity formed by the cranial bones of the skull
b) Thoracic cavity—that portion of the ventral body cavity above the diaphragm
c) Pericardial cavity—the tiny space between the parietal and visceral pericardium

68
Q

Name the four abdominopelvic quadrants:

A

a) Right upper quadrant
b) Left upper quadrant
c) Right lower quadrant
d) Left lower quadrant

69
Q

In the anatomical position, the:

a) Epigastric region is ____ to the umbilical region
b) Wrist is ____ to the elbow.
c) Thumb is ____ to the palm.

A

a) Epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region
b) Wrist is distal to the elbow.
c) Thumb is lateral to the palm.

70
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Homeostasis refers to the normal physiological condition of the body, and the tendency of the body to maintain that condition, despite changes inside and outside of the body.

71
Q

Define positive feedback and negative feedback by illustrating their main differences.

A

Positive feedback is a situation in which the response to a particular stimulus increases the stimulus, which, in turn, increases the response.

Negative feedback is a situation in which the response to a particular stimulus counteracts the stimulus.

72
Q

_______________ is the change that a cell undergoes from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

A

Differentiation

BIOL 1593 - Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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