Module 5 Objectives Flashcards
Define the process of Gluconeogenesis
Cortisol is released by the adrenals and stimulates the liver to convert stored fats & proteins into glucose to help raise blood sugar.
Describe interaction of pancreas, liver, and adrenals for blood sugar regulation
Pancreas acts as an endocrine gland releasing two hormones. Insulin when there is a need to reduce glucose and glycogen when there is a need to create glucose from storage forms of glycogen, amino acids and triglycerides converted by the liver.
The liver responds to the hormonal signals from the pancreas and either stores glucose as glycogen or releasing stores of glucose from glycogen, but also creates glucose from other storage forms of precursor nutrients (fats, proteins).
The adrenals receive direct signals from the brain in response to BS need.
Glucose increases in blood stream –> Beta Cells in Pancreas secrete insulin, which allows glucose into cells for energy & stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen store it (glycogenesis)
Remaining glucose is stored as glycogen in muscle fibers
When liver and muscle fibers stores are full – glucose is converted into triglycerides / cholesterol for storage.
Glucose decreases in blood stream –>
1) Alpha cells in Pancreas secrete glucagon, which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
2) Adrenals secrete cortisol which stimulates the liver to convert stored fat and proteins into glucose ( gluconeogenesis)
Define the process of Glycogenolysis
Release of glucagon from the pancreas stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar
Define the process of Glycogenesis
Insulin released by the Pancreatic Beta Cells stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen to decrease blood sugar.
List the Blood Sugar hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Describe Insulin
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells in the pancreas in response to increased glucose in the blood. Insulin does two things - it allows the cells to use the glucose as energy and it stimulates the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen (glycogenesis).
Describe Glucagon
Glucagon is secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells & stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)
Describe Cortisol
Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenals that stimulate the liver to convert stored fat & proteins to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
Describe Epinephrine
hormone secreted by the adrenals that stimulate responses similar to the body being in a sympathetic state. Also known as adrenaline.
Describe Hypoglycemia
When the blood sugar level is not able to be maintained - regulated. It has significant dips leaving the person with complaints such as; fatigue, insomnia, depression, weight issues… Hypoglycemic individuals typically snack on sweets, use coffee to suppress cravings, lack of fat & protein in diet…
Describe Insulin Resistance
Insulin receptor sites become unresponsive to the binding of insulin.
Describe Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 is the inability for the body to produce insulin.
Type 2 is loss of Beta cell function (pancreas) usually due to prolonged demands of high insulin output as a result of high glycemic diet and stress. Result of Insulin Resistance…cells of body become non responsive to insulin.
Explain damage to our bodies by Glycation.
Kidneys would normally filter / clean off the glycated proteins. If there is a high level of glucose in the blood stream or continuous spikes of glucose then the system gets tired. the “sticky proteins” cannot be used by our cells. They become cross linked and hardened damaged proteins become AGEs, Associated Glycation End Products. They bind to collagen and have clinical implications are: surface of arteries, organ tissues, joints, cell membranes, nerve sites in the brain.
Explain impacts of a diet high in refined carbohydrates and low in fats and proteins.
Carbohydrates provide easy and quick energy by raising the blood sugar level. By continuing to feed the “kindling” to our body, we never get a chance to burn stored fat (which there is a lot of because excess glucose in the blood gets stored in the adipose tissue). The fats & proteins would be used for energy if there was not enough easy to burn glucose around…
How to evaluate a “sugar burning” versus “fat burning” metabolizer.
The need for snacks throughout day - high carb specifically. Difficulty losing weight. versus not hungry between meals - no change in energy following meals.
