Module 5 : Hormonal Communication Flashcards
Secretion is the …
release of chemicals from cells
What is an endocrine gland?
a group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
What does the close proximity of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus ensure?
this ensures that the nervous and hormonal responses of the body are closely linked and coordinated
What are the 6 key endocrine glands in the body?
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas (also exocrine)
ovaries
testes
Name the 2 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
What effect do these have on the body? (2 points)
FSH and ADH
stimulates a folical to mature into an egg
controls water potential of the blood
What hormone is secreted from the thyroid gland?
What does this hormone regulate
thyroxine
regulates basal metabolic rate
What hormone is secreted by the adrenal gland?
What 2 effects does this have on the body?
adrenaline
increases heart rate and breathing rate
induces the fight or flight response
What 2 hormones are secreted by the pancreas?
What is the role of these 2 hormones?
insulin and glucagon
to regulate blood glucose concentration
What 2 hormones are secreted by the ovaries?
What effects do these have on the body? 2
What effect does progesterone specifically have on the body?
oestrogen and progesterone-they regulate the menstrual cycle and control production of secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone-maintains the uterus lining
What hormone is secreted by the testes?
What does this hormone control the production of?
testosterone
sperm
Exocrine glands secrete chemicals through …
ducts into organs or directly to the surface of the body
Hormones are …
Hormones can be in the form of … (6 things)
chemical messengers that carry information from one part of the body to another
steroids
proteins
glycoproteins
polypeptides
amines
tyrosine derivatives
Can steroidal hormones pass through a membrane?
Where is the location of the specific receptors that they bind to?
Give an example of a steroidal hormone
yes they can
on DNA
oestrogen
Can non-steroidal hormones pass through a membrane?
Where is the location of their receptors?
Give an example of a non-steroidal hormone
no
on the cell surface membrane
insulin
Describe the transport of hormones , starting with secretion from a gland and ending with production of a response
4 points
1)Hormone secreted directly into the blood when a gland is stimulated
2)Once secreted the hormones are transported in blood plasma all over the body
3)Hormones diffuse out of the blood plasma and bind to specific receptors for that hormone , found on the membranes or cytoplasm of cells in the target organ (target cells)
4)Once bound to receptors , the hormones stimulate target cells to produce a response
Make 4 points about the differences between hormonal and neuronal communication
Hormonal -
-communication is by chemicals called hormones
-transmission is by the bloodstream
-transmission usually relatively slow
-hormones travel to all body parts but only target organs respond
Neuronal-
-communication is by nerve impulses
-transmission is by neurones
-transmission is rapid
-nerve impulses travel to specific parts of the body
Make 4 more points about the differences between hormonal and neuronal communication
Hormonal-
-response is widespread
-response is slow
-response is long lasting
-effect may be permanent or irreversible
Neuronal-
-response is localised
-response is rapid
-response is short lived
-effect is temporary and reversible
Where are the adrenal glands located?
What 2 distinct parts are the adrenal glands made up of and what are these parts surrounded by ?
on top of each kidney
made up of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
both surrounded by a capsule
Name the 3 main types of hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids
androgens
Give 2 examples of glucocorticoids and describe their functions
Which part of the brain controls the release of these hormones?
cortisol-regulates metabolism , blood pressure and cardiovascular function in response to stress
corticosterone-works with cortisol to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions
the hypothalamus
Name and describe the function of the main mineralcorticoid hormone
Its release is mediated by …
aldosterone-controls blood pressure by maintaining balance between salt and water concentrations in blood and body fluids
signals triggered in the kidney
When are the hormones of the adrenal medulla released?
Name the 2 hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla and describe their functions
when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated
adrenaline-increases HR so blood is sent quickly to muscles and the brain , also rapidly raises blood glucose concentration
noradrenaline-works with adrenaline in response to stress by widening pupils , air passages in the lungs etc
How does adrenaline increase blood glucose concentration?
by converting glycogen into glucose in the liver
