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Psychology IA > Module 5: Biological Bases of Behaviour > Flashcards

Module 5: Biological Bases of Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory? What does it lead to? What disease does decreased levels cause?

A

excitatory
causes muscle contractions
Alzheimer’s disease

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2
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory? What do low levels lead to?

A

inhibitory

anxiety

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3
Q

What does a lack of dopamine cause?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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4
Q

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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5
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

connect two hemispheres and allows them to communicate

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6
Q

What are the hills and furrows of the cerebral cortex called?

A

gyri

sulci

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7
Q

What do primary areas of the brain do? What about primary motor areas?

A

process raw sensory information

primary motor areas initiate movement

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8
Q

What do association areas of the brain do?

A

complex mental process

meaningful perceptual experience

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9
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

thinking, planning, problem solving, Broca’s area (speech and grammar)

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10
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

hearing, Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)

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11
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

vision, association (visual pattern recognition)

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12
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

somatosensory
spatial orientation
nonverbal thinking

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13
Q

How is epilepsy treated?

A

cutting corpus callosum

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14
Q

What wavelength of light is visible?

A

400-700 nm

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15
Q

What do cones and rods measure?

A

colour

amount of light and movement

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16
Q

What is pitch?

A

highness or lowness (Hz)

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17
Q

What is loudness?

A

physical intensity (decibels)

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18
Q

What is timbre?

A

complexity

very few sounds only have 1 frequency and 1 amplitude (eg. tuning fork)

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19
Q

What steps does a sound go through from soundwaves to an action potential? (7)

A

soundwaves –> ear drum –motion–> treossicles –amplified–> stapes (most inner ossicle) –> oval window (membrane) –motion–> cochlea (pressure waves in fluid) –hair cells bend–> action potential

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20
Q

What steps does a smell go through in the brain? (3)

A

odor molecule information –> olfactory bulb –> cortex

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21
Q

What is proprioception?

A

body position and movement

22
Q

What is the vestibular sense?

A

position by sensing gravity and movement (hair cells in inner ear)

23
Q

What is kinesthesia?

A

position of limbs relative to one another

24
Q

What are the three basic principles of sensation and perception?

A
  1. physical reality and experience are quantitatively different (psychophysics)
  2. sensation + perception are active processes
  3. sensation + perception are adaptive (learn from experience)
25
Q

What is transduction?

A

transferring physical energy to nerve impulses

26
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

minimum amount of stimulus to produce a response

27
Q

What is the difference threshold?

A

minimum amount of stimulus needed to distinguish between stimuli

28
Q

What does the signal perception theory propose?

A

that two distinct processes are required for detecting stimuli

29
Q

What is Weber’s Law?

A

regardless of the magnitude of two stimuli, the second must differ by a constant proportion from the first to be perceived as different

30
Q

What is Fechner’s Law?

A

the magnitude of a stimulus grows logarithmically as the subjective experience of intensity grows arithmetically

31
Q

What is Steven’s Power Law?

A

subjective intensity increase in a linear fashion as actual intensity grows exponentially

32
Q

What is the bottom up process?

A

detection of individual stimulus elements –> breakdown/analysis of stimuli –> combination + interpretation of ‘whole’

33
Q

What is top down processing?

A

concept/expectation –> guide analysis (Yes? No?) –> interpretation of incoming stimuli

34
Q

What are the Organising (Gestalt) rules? (7)

A

figure (ground segregation)
similarity (group together similar elements)
proximity (group elements close together)
good continuation (experience lines as continuous even when interrupted)
closure (fill in small gaps to make wholes)
simplicity
grouping

35
Q

What is ambiguity?

A

multiple perceptions

36
Q

What is an illusion?

A

experience is incorrect or impossible

37
Q

What are binocular cues?

A

two eyes

convergence

38
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

one eye

clarity, patterns of light, relative size, texture, gradient, motion parallax

39
Q

About how many cones and how many rods do we have?

A

cones: 6 million
rods: 120 million

40
Q

`What is conduction deafness?

A

problems with mechanical system, hearing aid used

41
Q

What is nerve deafness?

A

damaged receptors within inner ear, loss of hairs

42
Q

Two important structures in the limbic system are:

A

hippocampus

amygdala

43
Q

The overall charge inside a resting neuron:

A

is negative

44
Q

A(n) ____________ is any drug that decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter.

A

antagonist

45
Q

In terms of positive emotions, such as joy and happiness, which general region of the brain has been shown to be more active?

A

left hemisphere

46
Q

The function of the descending reticular formation is to:

A

allow higher brain regions to block out or admit sensory information.

47
Q

In humans, the cortex makes up what percentage of the brain?

A

80%

48
Q

Hearing aids correct many forms of __________ deafness, but do little to rectify problems caused by _________ deafness.

A

conduction

nerve

49
Q

The absolute threshold is defined as the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected ______ of the time.

A

50%

50
Q

The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e. one in each ear) and then is asked to repeat one of the messages word-for-word is called:

A

shadowing

Psychology IA (6 decks)

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