Module 4: Memory and Cognition Flashcards
What is the three stage model of memory?
info to sensory memory to short term memory (rehearsal) to long term memory (can be retrieved to STM)
What are the three stages of gaining and using memory?
encoding
storage
retrieval
How long can the LTM store information and how much can it store?
indefinite amount of time
seemingly limitless
How is information in LTM expressed?
implicit or explicit (recall or recognition)
What forms is information stored in the LTM in?
procedural (skills + procedures) or declarative (verbalized: semantic (facts) or episodic (events))
What is the duration and capacity of the STM?
20-30 seconds unless actively rehearsed
7+- 2 items unless chunked
What are the four aspects of the working memory?
central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial sketchpad
What is retrograde amnesia?
unable to remember before traumatic brain injury
What is anterograde amnesia?
unable to remember information after brain injury
What is the decay theory of forgetting? Is it the most recent?
memory fades with time
no
What is the interference theory of forgetting?
memory fades because other information interferes with it
proactive: old info affects recall of new
retroactive: new info affects recall of old
What is an encoding failure?
not paying attention, can’t recall
What model does the Ebbinghaus time-course of forgetting curve follow?
logarithmic
What are the 7 sins of memory?
suggestibility (influenced by info to misremember)
misattribution (confuse source of info)
bias (expectations)
transience (clarity affected by time)
persistence (some memories significant, affect others)
blocking (tip of tongue phenomenon)
absentmindedness (encode effectively by attending)
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
briefly stores visual and spatial information
What is the episodic buffer?
temporary storage space from LTM/phonological loop/visuo-spatial sketchpad for integration, made available for conscious awareness
What is the central executive?
directs overall action
What is the primacy effect?
superior recall of earliest
What is the recency effect?
superior recall of recent
What is maintenance rehearsal?
simple, rote repetition
What is elaborative rehearsal?
expanding, focusing
What is a schema?
mental framework
What is repression?
motivated forgetting
What is long term potentiation?
enduring increase in synaptic strength
Alzheimer’s disease involves a disruption in the functioning of several different neurotransmitters, but one particularly important one is:
acetylcholine
Retroactive interference is said to occur when ____________ material in memory interferes with the recall of ____________ material.
newly acquired
old
The ______________ refers to the way people tend to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words in the middle of the list.
serial position effect
_____________ refers to incidental information that gets stored in memory, whereas _____________ concerns the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention. (automatic processing/effortful processing)
Automatic processing; effortful processing
According to the _____________, memory is better when the conditions present during encoding match those that are present during retrieval.
encoding specificity principle
Compared with iconic memory, the echoic store: holds information about the precise details of a sound for _________.
several seconds
The three broad categories of memory enhancement techniques are:
external aids, formal mnemonic techniques and general memory strategies
