Module 5 - Adulthood Flashcards
what is a chronic condition?
a medical condition that has been or is likely to be present for 6 months or longer
a person diagnosed with one or more types of chronic disease is likely to have…
complex health needs, a poorer quality of life and likely to die prematurely
how many Australians had one or more chronic conditions in 2017?
47.3%; just under half
burden of disease measures the impact of what?
living with illness and injury and dying prematurely
risk factor that individuals have the ability to modify; such as diet, smoking and drinking alcohol are known as
behavioural risk factors
bodily states that carry direct and specific health risks. these may include obesity and high BP which are influenced by health behaviours
biomedical risk factors
modifying risk factors reduce an individual’s risk of what?
developing a chronic disease
5 leading causes of death in australia
- coronary heart disease
- dementia and alzheimer’s disease
- cerebrovascular disease
- lung cancer
- COPD
coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when?
there is a blockage in the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle
two major clinical forms of CHD
heart attack, angina
how many australians are living with cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
16.6%
examples of CVD
heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart attack, stroke, blood vessel disease
is CHD preventable?
yes
risk factors of CHD that may be modified
smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, obesity
what is found to occur in approximately 4-24% of people who have experienced an acute cardiac event?
Post traumatic stress disorder
CVD, T2D, hypertension, sleep apnoea, psychological issues, musculoskeletal conditions and some cancers are all risk factors of what?
overweight and obesity
what risk factor is second to tobacco smoking in contributing to burden of disease?
overweight and obesity
eating disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterised by problems associated with…
body weight control and severe concern with body weight or shape
disorded eating behaviours may include
overeating or restricting food intake
4 commonly recognised eating disorders
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other specific feeding or eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
characterised by persistent restriction of food and water intake, intense fear of gaining weight
bulimia nervosa
repeated binge eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviours such as self induced vomiting or laxative misuse
binge eating disorder
repeated episodes of binge eating, often with a sense of loss of control while eating
other specified feeding or eating disorder
present with many symptoms of anorexia, bulimia or binge ating disorder but may not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis
what is the glycemic index?
a ranking of carbohydrates in food and their effect on blood glucose levels
the lower the GI,
the slower the rise in blood glucose levels when the food is consumed
what does excess cholesterol cause?
fatty deposits (plaques) to form in the arteries
the process of plaques forming in the arteries due to excess cholesterol is called…
atherosclerosis
what can the formation of plaques in the arteries lead to?
narrowing of the arteries, eventually blocking them; leading to heart attack or stroke
lowering your blood cholesterol levels reduces the risk of…
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
two types of cholesterol
LDL and HDL
what is LDL?
low density lipoprotein
why is LDL known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol?
helps to form plaques and contributes to atherosclerosis; higher levels of LDL increase the risk of CVD
what is HDL?
high density lipoprotein
why is HDL known as the ‘good’ cholesterol?
helps remove excess cholesterol from plaques, slowing plaque growth, + lower levels of HDL reflect higher risk of diabetes and CVD
if no other risk factors are present, what should cholesterol levels be?
no higher than 5.5 mmol/L
LDL levels for those with CV risk factors
less than 2 mmol/L
what are bad fats?
saturated and trans fats
why are saturated and trans fats considered to be bad?
they are harmful to the heart
what are good fats?
monosaturated fat such as nuts, vegetable oils, nut butter and avocado
carbohydrates are made up of what 3 components?
fiber, starch and sugar
fiber and starch are
complex carbs
sugar is a
simple carb
what a complex carbs?
higher in fiber and digest more slowly (better for you than simple carbs)
the second contributor to the cancer burden in australia is?
physical inactivity
the two most consumed drugs in australia are
alcohol and nicotine
how long does it take for alcohol to begin to affect the brain?
5 minutes
when does BAC reach its peak after the consumption of a drink?
30-45 minutes after
fast consumption of multiple drinks results in a higher BAC because?
the liver has a fixed rate of metabolism regardless of how many drinks are consumed
eating when drinking alcohol slows the increase in BACwhy?
the food in the stomach reduces the speed which the alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream
cocaine and ecstasy are used less frequently than
cannabis and meth/amphetamine
what % of australians aged 16-85 will experience a mental disorder?
45%
two most common mental health problems
depression and anxiety disorder
less common mental health problems
schizophrenia an bipolar disorder
the rate of mental health conditions and levels of psychological distress are increasing amongst which group of people?
recent users of tobacco and illicit drugs
daily smokers are more likely than non smokers to what?
experience high levels of stress and more likely to be diagnosed/treated for a mental health condition
how long does clinical depression last?
at least 2 weks
clinical depression affects a person’s ability to what?
carry out their work or have satisfying relationships
symptoms of depression are thought to be due to what?
changes in natural brain chemicals called neurotransmitters
what do neurotransmitters do?
send messages from one nerve to another
when a person becomes depressed, how are the neurotransmitters affected?
the brain can have less of them, including serotonin (mood regulating brain chemical)
what is serotonin?
a mood regulating chemical in the brain
medical treatments for depression include
- antidepressants
- cognitive behaviour therapy
- self help books
- interpersonal psychotherapy
lifestyle and alternative treatments for depression
st john’s wort, exercise, light therapy, accupuncture, massage therapy, relaxation therapy, acohol avoidance
what is the leading cause for death in australians between ages 15 and 44?
suicide
young australians are more likely to take their own life than die how?
in motor vehicle accidents
in 2017 what % of males died by suicide
75%
