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Primary Health Care > Module 5 - Adulthood > Flashcards

Module 5 - Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

what is a chronic condition?

A

a medical condition that has been or is likely to be present for 6 months or longer

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2
Q

a person diagnosed with one or more types of chronic disease is likely to have…

A

complex health needs, a poorer quality of life and likely to die prematurely

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3
Q

how many Australians had one or more chronic conditions in 2017?

A

47.3%; just under half

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4
Q

burden of disease measures the impact of what?

A

living with illness and injury and dying prematurely

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5
Q

risk factor that individuals have the ability to modify; such as diet, smoking and drinking alcohol are known as

A

behavioural risk factors

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6
Q

bodily states that carry direct and specific health risks. these may include obesity and high BP which are influenced by health behaviours

A

biomedical risk factors

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7
Q

modifying risk factors reduce an individual’s risk of what?

A

developing a chronic disease

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8
Q

5 leading causes of death in australia

A
  1. coronary heart disease
  2. dementia and alzheimer’s disease
  3. cerebrovascular disease
  4. lung cancer
  5. COPD
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9
Q

coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when?

A

there is a blockage in the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle

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10
Q

two major clinical forms of CHD

A

heart attack, angina

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11
Q

how many australians are living with cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A

16.6%

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12
Q

examples of CVD

A

heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart attack, stroke, blood vessel disease

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13
Q

is CHD preventable?

A

yes

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14
Q

risk factors of CHD that may be modified

A

smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, obesity

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15
Q

what is found to occur in approximately 4-24% of people who have experienced an acute cardiac event?

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

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16
Q

CVD, T2D, hypertension, sleep apnoea, psychological issues, musculoskeletal conditions and some cancers are all risk factors of what?

A

overweight and obesity

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17
Q

what risk factor is second to tobacco smoking in contributing to burden of disease?

A

overweight and obesity

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18
Q

eating disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterised by problems associated with…

A

body weight control and severe concern with body weight or shape

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19
Q

disorded eating behaviours may include

A

overeating or restricting food intake

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20
Q

4 commonly recognised eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other specific feeding or eating disorder

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21
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

characterised by persistent restriction of food and water intake, intense fear of gaining weight

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22
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

repeated binge eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviours such as self induced vomiting or laxative misuse

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23
Q

binge eating disorder

A

repeated episodes of binge eating, often with a sense of loss of control while eating

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24
Q

other specified feeding or eating disorder

A

present with many symptoms of anorexia, bulimia or binge ating disorder but may not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis

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25
Q

what is the glycemic index?

A

a ranking of carbohydrates in food and their effect on blood glucose levels

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26
Q

the lower the GI,

A

the slower the rise in blood glucose levels when the food is consumed

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27
Q

what does excess cholesterol cause?

A

fatty deposits (plaques) to form in the arteries

28
Q

the process of plaques forming in the arteries due to excess cholesterol is called…

A

atherosclerosis

29
Q

what can the formation of plaques in the arteries lead to?

A

narrowing of the arteries, eventually blocking them; leading to heart attack or stroke

30
Q

lowering your blood cholesterol levels reduces the risk of…

A

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

31
Q

two types of cholesterol

A

LDL and HDL

32
Q

what is LDL?

A

low density lipoprotein

33
Q

why is LDL known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol?

A

helps to form plaques and contributes to atherosclerosis; higher levels of LDL increase the risk of CVD

34
Q

what is HDL?

A

high density lipoprotein

35
Q

why is HDL known as the ‘good’ cholesterol?

A

helps remove excess cholesterol from plaques, slowing plaque growth, + lower levels of HDL reflect higher risk of diabetes and CVD

36
Q

if no other risk factors are present, what should cholesterol levels be?

A

no higher than 5.5 mmol/L

37
Q

LDL levels for those with CV risk factors

A

less than 2 mmol/L

38
Q

what are bad fats?

A

saturated and trans fats

39
Q

why are saturated and trans fats considered to be bad?

A

they are harmful to the heart

40
Q

what are good fats?

A

monosaturated fat such as nuts, vegetable oils, nut butter and avocado

41
Q

carbohydrates are made up of what 3 components?

A

fiber, starch and sugar

42
Q

fiber and starch are

A

complex carbs

43
Q

sugar is a

A

simple carb

44
Q

what a complex carbs?

A

higher in fiber and digest more slowly (better for you than simple carbs)

45
Q

the second contributor to the cancer burden in australia is?

A

physical inactivity

46
Q

the two most consumed drugs in australia are

A

alcohol and nicotine

47
Q

how long does it take for alcohol to begin to affect the brain?

A

5 minutes

48
Q

when does BAC reach its peak after the consumption of a drink?

A

30-45 minutes after

49
Q

fast consumption of multiple drinks results in a higher BAC because?

A

the liver has a fixed rate of metabolism regardless of how many drinks are consumed

50
Q

eating when drinking alcohol slows the increase in BACwhy?

A

the food in the stomach reduces the speed which the alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream

51
Q

cocaine and ecstasy are used less frequently than

A

cannabis and meth/amphetamine

52
Q

what % of australians aged 16-85 will experience a mental disorder?

A

45%

53
Q

two most common mental health problems

A

depression and anxiety disorder

54
Q

less common mental health problems

A

schizophrenia an bipolar disorder

55
Q

the rate of mental health conditions and levels of psychological distress are increasing amongst which group of people?

A

recent users of tobacco and illicit drugs

56
Q

daily smokers are more likely than non smokers to what?

A

experience high levels of stress and more likely to be diagnosed/treated for a mental health condition

57
Q

how long does clinical depression last?

A

at least 2 weks

58
Q

clinical depression affects a person’s ability to what?

A

carry out their work or have satisfying relationships

59
Q

symptoms of depression are thought to be due to what?

A

changes in natural brain chemicals called neurotransmitters

60
Q

what do neurotransmitters do?

A

send messages from one nerve to another

61
Q

when a person becomes depressed, how are the neurotransmitters affected?

A

the brain can have less of them, including serotonin (mood regulating brain chemical)

62
Q

what is serotonin?

A

a mood regulating chemical in the brain

63
Q

medical treatments for depression include

A
  • antidepressants
  • cognitive behaviour therapy
  • self help books
  • interpersonal psychotherapy
64
Q

lifestyle and alternative treatments for depression

A

st john’s wort, exercise, light therapy, accupuncture, massage therapy, relaxation therapy, acohol avoidance

65
Q

what is the leading cause for death in australians between ages 15 and 44?

A

suicide

66
Q

young australians are more likely to take their own life than die how?

A

in motor vehicle accidents

67
Q

in 2017 what % of males died by suicide

A

75%

Primary Health Care (9 decks)

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