Module 3 - Pregnancy & Early Childhood Flashcards
one dose of a vaccination may not guarantee full immunity but it will…..
provide partial immunity given that most of the population are also protected
what are children under 5 at risk of getting?
severe influenza
the influenza vaccine is recommended anually for those how old?
6 monts and older
active immunity
Production of own antibodies in response to natural/artificial antigens
passive immunity
resistance of the body to infection where the host receives antibodies by another source (does not produce them)
natural active immunity occurs when?
a person has had the infection, causing production of antibodies and memory cells which prevent infection from multiplying should it enter the body again
natural passive immunity occurs by?
antibodies being passed through placenta to the baby
which antibody passes from the placenta to the baby in natural passive immunity?
igG
which antibodies are transferred via colostral in natural passive immunity?
igA
how long does natural passive immunity last?
only a few months, after which vaccinations are required
artificial active immunity
antigens introduced via vaccines consisting of live organisms, killed organism or microbial/tocin garments
example of attenuated vaccine
measles and mumps
example of killed vaccine
hepatitis A, influenza
example of toxoid vaccine
tetanus
example of artifical passive immunity
antibodies passed from an animal or other humans
what are most infections in children caused by?
viruses
which kind of baby has higher immunity?
breast fed
when should a fever in a child be treated
above 39 degrees, unless child is distressed. this is to allow the body’s immune system to fight effectively against the illness such as through producing an inflammatory response
children between 6 months and 5 years are at higher risk for?
febrile seizures
how does the skin work as a line of defence?
contains many microorganisms which suppress the growth of more severe organisms
where are mucous membranes found?
in the lining of passages continuous with the skin, such as the mouth and nostrils
how do mucous membranes protect us?
mucus moistens the surface, forming a trap for dust and cold bacteria
what do the ciliated epthelial cells in the respiratory tract do?
sweep microbes and debris up and out of the airways
which secretions have antibacterial properties?
sebum and saliva
what does saliva contain and what is this?
lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme
acidic chemical barriers
skin secretions, hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, vaginal secretions
what are the major phagocytes of the body called?
macrophages
what do phagocytes do
eat any non human material
natural killer cells
lymphocytes (white blood cells)
antimicrobial proteins
interferon and complement
what do interferon and complement do?
stimulate healthy cells to block viruses’ ability to replicate; attract macrophages and NKCs
what does inflammation do
minimises possibility of infection, helps dispose of cell debris and pathogens, helps heal damaged tissue
what does the inflammatory response release into the extracellular fluid?
chemicals such as complement proteins that increase blood flow to the injury and induce hyperaemia
examples of complement proteins
histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, cytokines
hyperaemia
congestion with blood
role of oedma in inflammation
stimulates local pain nerve endings
what is fever a response to in inlammation?
a system response to pyrogens
what are pyrogens
chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages
what can excessive water intake ccause
hyponatremia
when does hyponatremia occur
when sodium in the blood drops to a dangerously low level
what is sodium needed in the body for?
in muscle contraction and in sending nerve impulses
symptoms of dehyration in children
cold skin, lethargy, dry mouth, depressed fontanelle, blue tinge to skin
daily fluid for infants 0-6mths
0.7l
fluid for children 1-3
1L
fluid for children 9-13yrs
1.4-1.6L
fluid for children 14-18yrs
1.6-1.9L
fluid intake for women
2.1L
fluid intake for men
2.6L
how much physical activity should children aged 3-5yrs be doing each day?
3 hours, 1 hour of which is energetic play
sedentary screen time
no more than 1 hour
sleep for preschool age children
10-13 hrs
most common chronic disease in children aged 0-14yrs
asthma
which observation tool can be used to help assess pain in children with disabilities?
FLACC
externalising behaviour in children
angry, impulsive, hyperactive, challenging
- easy to recognise, disruptive behaviour than demands attention
internalising behaviour in children
withdrawal, worry, fearfulness and becoming easily upset
- more difficult to notice as it is mostly experienced internally by the child
- doesn’t usually draw attention from others
what is GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes occuring during pregnancy
when is GDM diagnosed?
when higher than normal blood glucose levels appear during pregnancy
when should a pregnant woman be tested for GDM?
24-28 weeks, unless more at risk
risk factors for GDM
- 40+ yrs
- history of T2D/1st degree relative with GDM
- high bgls in past
- aboriginal or torres strait islander background
- pcos
- taking anti-psychotic or steroid medications
how is GDM managed
healthy eating and regular activity
how is GDM treated?
metformin medication and/or insulin injections
when are the ‘baby blues’ usually experienced?
between 3rd and 10th day post partum, usually passes within a few days
