Module 4 - Types of Immunizing Agents and Their Composition Flashcards
What are the 3 main types of vaccines?
- live attenuated vaccines
- inactivated vaccines
- subunit vaccines
What does attenuated mean ?
that the virus is weakened
What type of vaccine is the closest to developing immunity from a an actual infection?
live attenuated vaccine
What advantages to live vaccines have over other vaccines?
- they grow in the body and are transmitted to other areas of the body so the immune system develops an effective immune reaction to them, just like if you were to come in contact with a natural infection
- these vaccines lead to high antibody levels and most will only need one or two doses to lead to long-term immunity
Who cannot receive live vaccines?
- immunocompromised
- pregnant patients
When is corticosteroid use and live vaccines not contraindicated ?
- short-term therapy
- low dose therapy
- administered topically, inhaled, or locally injected (ex. to a joint)
Live vaccines have live agents so ____ conditions are especially important in order for them to maintain their full potency.
storage
List some examples of live attenuated vaccines.
Vaccines for:
- influenza (nasal spray form)
- measles
- mumps
- polio
- rotavirus
- rubella
- typhoid
- yellow fever
- varicella
- herpes zoster
______ vaccine contains a suspension of whole-killed bacteria or virus
Inactivated
Is there a risk of uncontrolled replication of an inactivated vaccine?
No - therefore you can give to immunocompromised patients
T or F: inactivated vaccines tend to have a lower immune response than live vaccines
true
Is the site and route of admin more important with live vaccines or with inactive vaccines?
With inactive vaccines because non-live vaccines activate an innate response ONLY at their sites of injection
Would an IM or SC injection be better for non-live vaccines?
IM - want to give them in well vascularized muscles
Inactivated vaccines almost always require _____ doses
multiple
With inactivated vaccines, dose the 1st dose provide protection?
No - it primes the immune system. A protective immune response develops after the second or third dose
Why do some inactivated vaccines require boosters?
Protection provided by an inactivated vaccine may diminish over time
List some examples of inactivated vaccines
Vaccines for:
- hep A
- rabies
- cholera
_____ vaccines contain purified products that usually come from the bacterium or virus that causes the natural infection but may also be synthesized using recombinant technology
Subunit
The end products of subunit vaccines include ???
- proteins
- polysaccharides
- protein-polysaccharide conjugates
What are the main differences between subunit vaccines and the other 2 types ?
- subunit vaccines contain only a small portion of bacterium or virus and are very safe and can be given to immunocompromised patients
- subunit vaccines do not elicit as high of an immune response compared to live and inactive vaccines so usually require multiple doses and boosters
Benefit of using combination vaccines?
-fewer injections and a simpler regimen for patients, parents and HCPs
Do rates of adverse events increase with combination vaccines?
No
Is the immune response altered at all with combination vaccines compared to individual vaccines?
No
List some examples of subunit vaccines
Vaccines against: -diptheria -tetanus -hep B -acellular pertussis -some influenza vaccines -HPV etc
What 2 types of vaccines are adjuvants commonly added to?
- subunit
- inactivated
What is the purpose of adding an adjuvant to a vaccine?
it enhances, acerbates, and prolongs the immune response
The only adjuvants currently used in routine immunization are the _______ salts
aluminum
Are adjuvants safe?
Yes
When would preservatives be appropriate ?
- multi-dose vaccines
- killed or subunit vaccines to prevent serious secondary infections as a result of bacterial or fungal contamination in the field
What are the 3 preservatives used in current preparations of vaccines?
- thimerosal (only in trivalent influenza vaccine)
- phenol
- 2-phenoxyethanol
Why are additives added?
to help the stability and delivery of the product
ex. - prevent immunogenicity from adhering to the side of the vial, thus making them less available to the immune system
List some additives used
- sugars
- amino acids
- proteins
List 3 residuals found in vaccines
- antibiotics
- formaldehyde
- residual proteins
What is the concern with antibiotics as a residual in vaccines?
That some patients allergic to those antibiotics would have an allergic reaction
(the amounts are minuscule and are unlikely to cause an allergic reaction)
Formaldehyde is used in the manufacturing of _____ and inactivated ______ vaccines. These infectious agents are killed with formaldehyde.
pertussis, polio
what are the antibiotics used during vaccine manufacture?
- neomycin
- streptomycin
- polymixin B
- chlortetracycline
- gentamycin
- amphotericin B
What influenza vaccine is recommended for those with egg allergy?
TIV (trivalent inactivated vaccine)
QIV (quadrivalent inactivated vaccine)
Can ppl with egg allergy receive MMR or MMRV as they are grown in chick embryos?
Yes - the amount of egg protein is 500 times less than the influenza vaccine
What type of vaccine can be a part of combination vaccines?
subunit
