Module 4: Tools Of Practice Flashcards
The systematic analyzation of HOW or WHAT a client does in an activity. It is the client’s personal experience of the performance. It attends carefully to the specific details of the client’s occupations with a specific context.
Occupational Analysis
It considers a more general idea of how things are usually done.
Activity Analysis
Why do we have to analyze activities?
- To identify the essential features of purposeful activity and the effect of activity engagement upon an individual
- To describe the performance of an activity in action step sequence
- To identify precautions, contraindications, and acceptable criteria for completion of an activity
- To formulate alternative of performing an activity in an acceptable manner through adaptation or modification of task or environment
- Problem-solve the selection of activities that meet the needs of a client receiving OT
- Apply uniform technology to describe, analyze, and document the use of activities in the practice of OT
Essential Features of Purposeful Activity
- Performance area
- Skills required
- Environment where it usually occurs
Why do we analyze occupations?
- To focus on specific areas of occupation and contexts that need to be addressed
- To observe client’s performance in desired occupations, noting the effectiveness of performance skills and patterns
- To identify what supports and hinders client performance
- To create goals in collaboration with the client that address desired outcomes
- To identify ways to grade or adapt occupations to foster improved performance
What makes Activity Analysis and Occupational Analysis different from each other?
Activity Analysis
- doesn’t consider all aspects or contexts of client
- needs of clients are not included
- doesn’t require the presence of clients to consider individual ways of performing the activity
Occupational Analysis
- examines the personal meaning and value of occupations
- appreciates occupation as an enabler for people to engage in occupations of their choice
Encompasses both environmental and personal factors
The interconnection of personal factors such as gender, race, age, lifestyle, social background, education, occupation, and psychological characteristics with environmental factors
Contexts
Aspects of the physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings in which people live and conduct their lives
Environmental Factors
Environmental factor that can be animate or inanimate elements in the environment that have been modified by people
Natural Environment and Human-Made Changes to the Environment
Environmental Factor - natural or human-made products, equipment, and technology that are gathered, created, produced, or manufactured which includes
Products and Technology
Environmental Factor that include people or animals that provide support, nurturing, protection, and defense to other persons
Support and Relationships
Environmental Factor - Evidence of customs, practices, ideologies, values, norms, factual beliefs held by people other than the client
Attitudes
Environmental factor
- established by government, at the local, regional, national, and international levels or by other recognized authorities
- constituted by rules, regulations, conventions, and standards established by governments at the local, regional, national, and international levels or by other recognized authorities
Services, Systems, Policies
The particular background of a person’s life and living and consist of the unique factors of a person that are not a part of their health condition or state.
Personal Factors
Enables the clients to fully grasp their therapy journey
OT oversees the giving the instructions clearly and concisely
Educating Clients
In knowing information, this is the ability to obtain and process basic health information
Health Literacy
In knowing information, this is being able to read below the 5th grade level
OTs should also know how to explain things at a 5th grade level
Functional literacy
In knowing information, this is being careful to not make judgements or interpretations without checking the client
Using culturally relevant scenarios and terminologies
Client
The process that practitioners use to plan, direct, perform, and reflect on client care.
Professional Reasoning
Steps of the Cognitive Process Underlying Professional Reasoning
- Cue acquisition
- Pattern recognition
- Limiting the problem space
- Problem formulation
- Problem solution
The step in the cognitive process that searches for helpful and targeted information through observation and questioning
Cue acquisition
The step in cognitive process that notices similarities and differences among situations
Pattern Recognition
The step in cognitive process that uses patterns to help focus cue acquisition and knowledge application on the most fruitful areas.
Limiting the Problem Space
The step in cognitive process that develops an explanation of what is going on, why it is going on, and what a better situation or outcome might be.
Problem Formulation
The step in cognitive process that identifies courses of action based on the problem formulation.
Problem Solution
________ is based on OT’s long-term or short-term memory
Effective Reasoning
Memory based on experiences of the OT
Short-term memory
Memory based on processing info while doing the task
Working Memory
Aspects of Professional Reasoning
- Scientific
- Diagnostic
- Procedural
- Narrative
- Pragmatic
- Ethical
- Interactive
- Conditional
The aspect of Professional Reasoning that is used to understand the condition that is affecting an individual and to decide on interventions that are in the client’s best interest.
Scientific
The aspect of Professional Reasoning that is concerned with clinical problem sensing and problem definition.
Diagnostic
The aspect of Professional Reasoning that occurs when practitioners think about the disease and decide which intervention activities/procedures to employ to remediate performance problems.
Procedural
The aspect of Professional Reasoning that is used to make sense of people’s circumstances to create a collaborative story through intervention.
Narrative
The aspect of Professional Reasoning that is used to fit therapy possibilities into the current realities of service delivery.
Pragmatic
Aspect of Professional Reasoning that is directed towards analyzing ethical dilemma, generating alternative solutions, and determining actions to be taken.
Ethical
Aspect of Professional Reasoning that is thinking directed toward building positive interpersonal relationships with clients, permitting collaborative problem identification and problem solving.
Interactive
Aspect of Professional Reasoning that is a blend of all forms of reasoning for the purposes of flexibility responding to changing conditions or predicting possible client futures.
Conditional
OT reflects after a treatment session or after a patient’s therapy journey.
Understand the things you did well (treatment and strategy) and things that can still be improved
Reflection on Action
Done during OT sessions
OT tries to see if the exercise/activity is a good idea, while the client is doing the task
Reflection in Action
It is how consistently an OT practitioner is effective within a given context.
Expertise Continuum
Stages of Expertise Continuum
- Novice (no experience)
- Advanced Beginner (less than 1 year)
- Proficient (3-5 years)
- Expert (5-10 years)
Friendship vs. Therapeutic Relationships
Friendship – give and receive relationship
Therapeutic relationships – only the client benefits
Guide on how OTs interact with their patient
Explain the therapeutic use of self in OT and how that relationship can facilitate or hinder a client’s occupational engagement
How an OT interacts with their patients can affect their progress in the sessions
Intentional Relationship Model
This is done to ensure that client’s rights are enforced and resources are secured. May require the therapist to communicate with external persons and agencies.
Advocating
It is expecting the client to be an actively equal participant in therapy. Ensures choice, freedom, and autonomy to the greatest extent possible.
Collaboration
It is to understand the clients thoughts, feelings, and behaviors while suspending any judgment. It ensures that the client verifies and experiences the therapists understanding as truthful and validating.
Empathizing
It is to instill hope in a client. It celebrates a client’s thinking or behavior through positive reinforcement.
Encouraging
It is carefully structuring therapy activities, and being explicit with clients about the plan, sequence, and events of therapy. It is providing clear instructions and feedback about performance. It sets limits on a client’s requests or behavior.
Instructing
It is facilitating pragmatic thinking and solving dilemmas by outlining choices, posing strategic questions, and providing opportunities for comparative or analytical thinking.
Problem-solving
The therapist’s role in working consciously with the interpersonal side of the therapeutic relationship to facilitate an optimal experience and outcome for the client
Therapeutic Use of Self or Relationships
Is the ability to recognize one’s own behavior, emotional responses, and effect on others
Self-Awareness
What an individual would like to be if free of the demands of mundane reality
Ideal Self
The aspect of self that others see without the benefit of knowing a person’s intentions
How others see you
Perceived Self
A blending of the internal & external worlds involving intention and action plus environmental awareness
How you are by yourself + how you are with others
Real Self
Ability to place oneself in the other person’s position to try and understand their experience
Empathy
Allow the client to feel comfortable in sharing personal info that could influence the intervention process
Trust
involves speaking or using words
Include tone, pitch, jargons/vocabulary used, speed
OT should be aware of how they use and say words
Verbal Communication
includes eye contact, facial expression, body language, touch
Non-Verbal Communication
listening without making judgment, jumping in with advice, or providing defensive replies
Active Listening
A lot of energy, more facial expressions, and gestures, smiling a lot, very encouraging
Effective when dealing with withdrawn or regressed patients, with clients who also have little success
Active Friendliness
Still friendly but not as much
Effective on patients who are suspicious or shy
Passive Friendliness
Used on hostile, aggressive, or violent patients
Speaking with authority,
Effective on patients with character disorders, or neurotic behavior patterns, or mild hostility
Matter-of-Factness
Communicate with patients as if you do not want anything from them
Used on hostile, frightened, and suspicious patients
No Demand
OT conveys what they want to be done and expects the client to carry out their instructions
Kind Firmness
Cost effective and versatile, build social relationships, provide context for social support, and can be designed to achieve multiple goals simultaneously. Communication and self-expression is enhanced. Atmosphere of nonjudgmental acceptnce is provided. Multiple opportunities to share learnings are offered. Client participation is facilitated, and context for problem solving is provided.
Group interventions
An aggregate of people who share a common purpose that can only be achieved through collaboration
Group
Occurs when clients transfer feelings, expectations, and impressions about a person in their past onto the therapist or other group members
Client has feelings towards the therapist or to another client
Positive or negative
Transference
When the therapist experiences transference with a client
Feelings of the therapist to the client
Countertransference
