Module 4 Test Flashcards by Sarah Charlebois

Which is NOT a major function of the blood?

a. Transportation of nutrients
b. Regulation of blood pH
c. Protection against disease infection
d. Transportation of heat
e. Production of oxygen

e. Production of oxygen

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The normal average temperature of blood is around

a. 98.6OF
b. 100.4OF
c. 90.8OF
d. 89.6OF
e. 101.6OF

b. 100.4 F

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The normal pH range for blood is

a. 7.35-8.5
b. 7.35-9.45
c. 6.35-7.35
d. 6.35-9.35
e. 7.35-7.45

e. 7.35-7.45

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Which of the following is not a component of blood?

a. Blood plasma
b. Formed elements
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Platelets e. White blood cells

c. Carbon Dioxide

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The hematocrit is composed of

a. WBC
b. Platelets
c. RBC
d. plasma
e. proteins

c. RBC

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How much of blood plasma is water (approximately)?

a. 95%
b. 91%
c. 88%
d. 80%
e. 50%

b. 91%

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Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance?

a. Albumins
b. Globulins
c. Fibrinogens
d. Myoglobin
e. Hemoglobin

b. Globulins

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Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting?

a. Albumins
b. Globulins
c. Fibrinogens
d. Prostaglandins
e. None of the above

c. Fibrinogens

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A hemocrit measures

a. Percentage of RBC in packed blood
b. Percentage of WBC in packed blood
c. Percentage of platelets in packed blood
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above

a. percentage of RBC in packed blood

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The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called:

a. Hematocritation
b. Hemopoiesis
c. Albumin genesis
d. Immunology
e. None of the above

b. Hemopeosis

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A megakaryoblast will develop into

a. Red blood cell
b. White blood cell
c. Platelet
d. Both b and c
e. Any of the above

c. Platelet

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During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into

a. Progenitor cells
b. Enzymes
c. Plasma proteins
d. Heme molecules
e. Nitric oxide

a. Progenitor cells

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This hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow

a. EPO
b. TPO
c. Human growth hormone
d. Calcitonin
e. Follicle stimulating hormone

a. EPO

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How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?

a. 50 million
b. 100 million
c. 280 million
d. 320 million
e. 430 million

c. 280 million

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Ferritin is used to

a. Transport iron
b. Store iron
c. Convert iron
d. Synthesize iron
e. Digest iron

b. Store iron

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A red blood cell’s function is

a. Nutrient transport
b. Cytokine stimulation
c. Blood cell proliferation
d. Gas transport
e. Disease resistance

d. Gas Transport

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A red blood cell without a nucleus is called a

a. Proerythroblast
b. Cytokine
c. Precursor cell
d. Interleukin
e. Reticulocyte

e. Reticulocyte

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Which of the following is a phagocyte?

a. Monocytes
b. Platelet
c. Lymphocyte
d. Basophil
e. Eosinophil

a. Monocytes

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Which of the following reduces blood loss?

a. Erythrocyte
b. Platelet
c. Lymphocyte
d. Basophil
e. Neutrophil

b. Platelet

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Which of the following promotes inflammation?

a. Eosinophil
b. Monocyte
c. Lymphocyte
d. Basophil
e. Neutrophil

d. Basophil

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Which of the following destroys antigen-antibody complexes?

a. Eosinophil
b. Monocyte
c. Lymphocyte
d. Basophil
e. Neutrophil

a. Eosinophil

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Which of the following destroys & provides immune responses?

a. Eosinophil
b. Macrophage
c. Lymphocyte
d. Basophil
e. Platelet

a. Eosinophil

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Which of the following is not an agranular leukocyte?

a. Monocytes
b. Macrophage
c. Lymphocyte
d. Basophil
e. All of the above

d. Basophil

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The process of a white blood cell squeezing between cells to exit the blood vessel is called

a. Emigration
b. Wandering
c. Adhesion
d. Hempoiesis
e. Phagocytosis

a. Emigration

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Which of the following do mast cells not release? a. Heparin b. Histamine c. Nitric oxide d. Protease e. All of the above

c. Nitric oxide

This hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts. a. Erythropoietin b. Thrombopoietin c. Nitric oxide d. Human growth hormone e. Heparin

b. Thrombopointin

Which methods provide hemostasis? a. vascular spasm, clotting, polycythemia b. hemolysis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation c. emigration, clotting, hemolysis d. platelet plug formation, vascular spasm, clotting e. anemia, hemogenesis, platelet plug formation

d. platelet plug formation, vascular spasm, clotting

Once this is formed, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are identical. a. Thromboplastin b. Prothrombinase c. Fibrinogen d. Fibrin e. Calcium

b. Prothrombinase

Which of the following clotting factors has the most to do with strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot? a. Factor V b. Factor VII c. Factor XI d. Factor XIII e. Factor XIV

d. Factor XIII

Considering Rh blood types, which of the below situations would result in maternal antibodies attacking the fetus? a. Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh negative b. Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive c. Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh negative d. Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh positive.

b. Mom is Rh- and fetus is Rh+

Which of the following opposes the action of thromboxane A2? a. Heparin b. Fibrinogen c. Plasmin d. Antithrombin e. Prostacyclin

e. Prostacyclin

Which of the following is an anticoagulant? a. Heparin b. Fibrinogen c. Protease d. Prostacyclin e. Plasmin

a. Heparin

What antibodies does a person with type O blood have in their plasma? a. A b. B c. A and B d. No antibodies e. Not enough information to answer

c. A and B

What antigens does a person have on their RBC if their plasma has antibody A? a. A b. B c. O d. A and B e. No antigens

b. B

This is the mass of tissue from the sternum to the vertebral column between the lungs. a. Epicardium b. Parietal layer c. Mediastinum d. Fibrous cardium

c. Mediastinum

This is the layer that protects the heart. a. Epicardium b. Parietal layer c. Myocardial tissue d. Mediastinum e. Endocardium

a. Epicardium

To which side of the body is the apex pointed? a) At the midline b) To the left c) To the right d) Different for males and females e) Posteriorly

b. To the left

Which of the following consists of inelastic dense irregular connective tissue? a) Parietal layer of pericardium b) Serous pericardium c) Fibrous pericardium d) Epicardium e) Pericardial cavity

c. Fibrous pericardium

This is used to reduce the friction between membranes of the heart. a) Epicardium b) Endocardium layer c) Pericardium d) Pericardial (serous) fluid e) Pericardial cavity

d. Pericardial (serous) fluid

This consists of mesothelium and connective tissue. a) Epicardium b) Myocardium c) Endocardium d) Pericardial cavity e) Fibrous pericardium

a. Epicardium

Which layer consists of cardiac muscle tissue? a) Epicardium b) Pericardium c) Myocardium d) Endocardium e) Hypocardium

c. Myocardium

This is used to increase the capacity of the atrium. a) Ventricle b) Coronary sulcus c) Fossa ovalis d) Interatrial septum e) Auricle.

e. Auricle

This marks the boundary between the ventricles. a) Coronary sulcus b) Anterior interventricular sulcus c) Posterior interventricular sulcus d) Coronary sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus e) Anterior and posterior intercentricular sulcus

e. Anterior and posterior intercentricular sulcus

These extend into the auricle. a. Pectinate muscles b. Interatrial septum c. Coronary sulcus d. Ventricle e. Chordae tendinae

a. Pectinate muscles

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle? a) Bicuspid valve b) Interventricular septum c) Tricuspid valve d) Mitral valve e) Ascending aorta

c. Tricuspid Valve

What types of tissue comprise the valves of the heart? a) Dense regular connective tissue b) Dense irregular connective tissue c) Areolar connective tissue d) Hyaline cartilage e) Cardiac muscle tissue

b. Dense irregular connective tissue

From the left ventricle, where does blood pass? a) Right atrium b) Right ventricle c) Bicuspid valve d) Aortic semilunar valve e) Pulmonary trunk

d. Aortic semilunar valve

In a fetus, this structure temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta. a) Fossa ovalis b) Foramen ovale c) Trabeculae carnae d) Descending aorta e) Ductus arteriosus

e. Ductus arteriosus

As each ventricle contracts where does blood move? a) Into an artery b) Into the apex c) Into a vein d) Through an atrioventricular valve e) Through the apex

a. Into an artery

As each atrium contracts where does blood move? a) Into an auricle b) Into an artery c) Into a vein d) Through an atrioventricular valve e) Through a semilunar valve

d. Through an atrioventricular valve

Which of the below valves prevents blood from flowing back from the lungs? a) Tricuspid valve b) Bicuspid valve c) Pulmonary valve d) Aortic valve e) Pulmonary vein

c. Pulmonary valve

In this disorder the aortic valve is narrowed. a) Aortic insufficiency b) Rheumatic fever c) Mitral valve prolapse d) Aortic stenosis e) Mitral insufficiency

d. Aortic stenosis

This heart structure carries deoxygenated blood. a) Left atrium and ventricle b) Left atrium only c) Right atrium and ventricle d) Right ventricle only e) Left atrium and right ventricle

c. Right atrium and ventricle

This vessel distributes oxygenated blood to the myocardium. a) Coronary artery b) Coronary vein c) Right ventricle d) Left auricle e) Myocardial vein

a. Coronary artery

Cardiac muscle fibers electrically connect to neighboring fibers by a) Desmosomes b) Intermediate discs c) Gap junctions d) Contractile fibers e) Chordae tendinae

c. Gap junctions

Which of the following contains the largest amount of mitochondria? a) Smooth muscle b) Skeletal muscle c) Cardiac muscle d) Hepatocytes e) Leukocytes

c. Cardiac muscle

This is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart. a) Pacemaker b) Sinoatrial node c) Purkinje fibers d) Conduction system e) Bundle of His

d. Conduction system

This is a the correct sequence of structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart. a) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node b) Sinoatrial (SA), Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His c) Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers e) Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

d. SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

By comparison, cardiac muscle cells have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_contraction plateau time than skeletal muscle cells. a) a shorter b) a longer c) no difference in

b. a longer

This is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute. a) Cardiac output b) Cardiac input c) Stroke volume d) Heart rate e) Auscultation

a. Cardiac output

This term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction occurs and blood pressure rises. a) filling b) systole c) repolarization d) diastole e) fibrillation

b. systole

Which of these periods represents greatest cardiac output? a) atrial diastole b) ventricular diastole c) atrial systole d) ventricular systole

d. ventricular systole

The second heart sound represents which of the below events? a) Valvular stenosis b) Semilunar valves opening c) Atrioventricular valves closing d) Semilunar valves closing e) Atrioventricular valves opening

d. Semilunar valves closing

This part of the heart can initiate a contraction and can set a constant heart rate of about 100 beats per minute. a) Cardiac accelerator nerves b) Chemoreceptors c) Cardiovascular center d) Sinoatrial valve e) Proprioceptors

d. Sinoatrial valve

Stimulation of this nerve reduces heart rate. a) Cardiac accelerator nerve b) Hypoglossal nerve c) Medulla oblongata nerve d) Vagus nerve e) Phrenic nerve

d. Vagus nerve

Which of the below reduces heart rate. a) Increased Norepinephrine hormone b) Increased Thyroid hormone c) Increased potassium levels d) Increased calcium levels e) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c. Increased potassium levels

This part of the brain regulates heart rate. a) Cardiac accelerator nerves b) Chemoreceptors c) Medulla oblongata d) Vagus nerve e) Proprioceptors

c. Medulla oblongata

This electrical event represents repolarization of the ventricle. a) R wave b) T wave c) S wave d) P wave e) Q wave

b. T wave

Which of the below factors would increase Stroke volume? a) increased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility b) decreased preload, decreased afterload, decreased contractility c) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility d) decreased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility e) increased preload, increased afterload, decreased contractility

c. increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

This electrical event triggers contraction of the atria. a) R wave b) T wave c) S wave d) P wave e) Q wave

d. P wave

Which of the following is the blood vessel that distributes blood to organs? a) arteries b) capillaries c) venules d) arterioles e) veins

a. arteries

This is a blood vessel that conveys blood from the tissues back to the heart. a) artery b) arteriole c) aorta d) vein e) capillary

d. vein

Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction? a) tunica interna b) tunica media c) tunica externa d) tunica albuginea e) tunica fascia

b. tunica media

This layer of the artery is composed mainly of elastic and collagen fibers. a) tunica interna b) tunica media c) tunica externa d) tunica albuginea e) tunica fascia

c. tunica externa

When an artery or arteriole is damaged, its smooth muscle contracts producing a. a tear in the artery b. a branch off the artery called an arteriole c. a vascular spasm d. tetanus e. constriction of the outer four layers

c. vascular spasm

Elastic arteries function as a a) vasodilator conduit to the tissues of the trunk only b) barrier to microcirculation c) pressure reservoir d) vasoconstrictors only

d. pressure resevoir

These vessels make up the largest blood reservoir. a) Arteries and arterioles b) Arterioles and capillaries c) V enules and capillaries d) Veins and venules e) Aorta and veins

d. Veins and venules

This vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries. a) arteries b) arterioles c) venules d) veins e) aorta

b. arterioles

Which of the below is NOT found in arteries but is found in veins? a. tunica externa b. tunica media c. tunica interna d. valves

d. valves

Capillaries are also known as a) exchange vessels b) vasoconstrictors c) vasodilators d) pressure reservoirs e) distributing vessels

a. exchange vessels

Which of the below is the most important capillary exchange method? a) diffusion b) transcytosis c) bulk flow d) active transport e) primary transport

a. diffusion

These control the flow of blood through a capillary bed a. thoroughfare channel b. precapillary sphincter c. postcapillary sphincter d. venules e. veins

b. precapillary sphincter

Continuous capillaries can be found in the following tissues. a) skeletal muscle b) smooth muscle c) connective tissue d) lungs e) All of the above

e. all of the above

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called a) anastome b) blood reservoir c) detour blood d) collateral circulation e) microcirculation

d. collateral circulation

The largest factor that promotes reabsorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids is a) Tissue hydrostatic pressure b) Tissue osmotic pressure c) Blood osmotic pressure d) Blood hydrostatic pressure e) colloid pressure

c. Blood osmotic pressure

The pressure driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called a) reabsorption b) filtration c) bulk flow d) hydrostatic pressure e) colloid pressure

b. filtration

This is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period. a) microcirculation b) circulation c) blood flow d) blood pressure e) resistance

c. blood flow

Blood flow depends on which of following criteria. a) Blood pressure b) Systemic vascular resistance c) Blood type d) Blood pressure and systemic vascular pressure e) Blood pressure and heart rate

d. Blood pressure and systemic vascular pressure

Which of the below would NOT increase blood pressure. a) Increased blood volume b) Increased sympathetic stimulation c) Increased heart rate d) Increased stroke volume e) Decreased cardiac output

e. Decreased cardiac output

Which of the below factors do NOT increase systemic vascular resistance? a) decreased vessel lumen diameter b) increased blood viscosity c) decreased vessel length d) increased vasodilation e) increased blood cell count

c. decreased vessel length

This depends mostly on the ratio of RBC to plasma volume. a) total blood volume b) blood viscosity c) systemic resistance d) blood vessel length e) size of vessel lumen

b. blood viscosity

Circulation time a) varies with diet b) is set by the hypothalamus c) in a resting person is normally 1 minute d) depends on hormones from the liver e) will stop a heart if it is lower than 20 seconds

c. in a resting person is normally 1 minute

The cardiovascular center is located a) in the thorax b) in the cerebral cortex c) in the cerebellum d) in the medulla oblongata e) in the hypothalamus

d. in the medulla oblongata

Which of the below factors is most important in forcing blood flow through veins? a) heart rate b) stroke volume c) muscular activity d) blood velocity e) valve opening

c. muscular activity

Which of the below would be the response of the body as a result of decreased frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors? a) Increased blood pressure b) Increased parasympathetic stimulation c) Decreased heart rate d) Decreased stroke volume e) Decreased cardiac output

a. Increased blood pressure

Which of the following hormones would NOT cause an increase in blood pressure? a) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide b) Antidiuretic Hormone c) Aldosterone d) Angiotensin e) Increased Norepinephrine

a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Chemoreceptors in blood vessels measuring high levels of blood carbon dioxide would NOT cause which of the following a) Increased heart rate b) Increased vasoconstriction of blood vessels c) Increased blood pressure d) Decreased respiratory rate e) Decreased heart rate

d. Decreased respiratory rate

The myogenic response make smooth muscle a) Contract more forcefully when stretched b) Contract more forcefully when relaxed c) Stay in an isotonic state d) Less elastic e) More elastic

a. Contract more forcefully when stretched

What do these chemicals have in common: potassium, hydrogen ions, lactic acid, nitric oxide and adenosine? a) They are all potent vasoconstrictors b) They are all potent vasocdilators c) They are used to begin smooth muscle contractions d) They regulate the cardiac center of the hypothalamus e) They negatively affect systole

b. They are all potent vasocdilators

Where can pulse not be felt? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Venules d) Capillaries e) Arterioles

d. Capillaries

This pressure provides information about the condition of the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis and patent ductus arteriosus. a) Diastolic blood pressure b) Pulse pressure c) Venule pressure d) Capillary pressure

b. Pulse pressure

This type of shock is due to decreased blood volume. a) Hypovolemic b) Cardiogenic c) Vascular d) Obstructive e) Neurogenic

a. Hypovolemic

What do the following have in common: superficial temporal artery, brachial artery and dorsal artery of the foot? a) They are all areas where you can not hear Korotkoff sounds b) They are all only found on the left side of the body c) They are all pulse points d) None of them contain baroreceptors e) All of the are connected to each other by capillary beds

c. They are all pulse points

Which of the following is not a response to hypovolemic shock? a) Activation of the RAA system b) Secretion of ADH c) Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS d) Release of vasoconstrictors e) Release of vasodilators

d. Release of vasoconstrictors

All the veins of the systemic circulation drain into the a) Superior vena cava b) Inferior vena cava c) Coronary sinus d) Superior and inferior vena cava e) Superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

e. Superior and inferior vena vava and coronary sinus

The pulmonary trunk divides into a) Right pulmonary artery b) Left pulmonary artery c) Pulmonary veins d) Right and left pulmonary arteries e) Right pulmonary vein and artery

d. Right and left pulmonary arteries

In fetal circulation what is the opening between the right and left atria called? a) Ductus venousus b) Umbilicus c) Umbilical vein d) Foramen ovale e) Placenta

d. Foramen ovale

Which of the below vessels is a pulse point at the wrist? a) Radial artery b) Subclavian artery c) Axillary artery d) Cephalic artery e) Palmar artery

a. Radial artery

Which of the below vessels supplies blood to the intestines? a) Radial artery b) Subclavian artery c) Mesenteric artery d) Coronary artery e) Popliteal artery

c. Mesenteric artery

Which of the below vessels supplies blood to the kidney? a) Hepatic artery b) Renal artery c) Mesenteric artery d) Coronary artery e) Popliteal artery

b. Renal artery

Which of the below vessels drains blood from the lower leg? a) Jugular vein b) Superior vena cava c) Tibial vein d) Coronary vein e) Iliac vein

c. Tibial vein

Which of the below vessels drains blood from the head and neck? a) Carotid vein b) Inferior vena cava c) Axillary vein d) Femoral vein e) Jugular vein

e. Jugular vein

Which of the below vessels drains blood from the lower body to the right atrium? a) Inferior vena cava b) Superior vena cava c) Tibial vein d) Coronary vein e) Iliac vein

a. Inferior vena cava

After birth when the umbilical cord is cut what do the umbilical arteries fill with? a) Placental fluid b) Blood c) Connective tissue d) Smooth muscle e) Capillary beds

c. Connective Tissue

The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in a) Lymphatic system b) Cardiovascular system c) Immune system d) Lymphatic and Immune systems only e) Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems

e. Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems

What is this figure demonstrating?a. Erythropoiesis b. RBC differentiation c. Emigration d. Clot formation e. Clot retraction

c. Emigration

What does this figure represent? a. Erythropoiesis b. RBC differentiation c. Emigration d. Clot formation e. Clot retraction

d. Clot formation

This portion of the heart wall is responsible for the pumping action. a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

a) E

This is comprised of a thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue. a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G

d. F

Which layer of the pericardium consists of dense irregular connective tissue? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

In the diagram, where is the trabeculae carnae? a) D b) E c) F d) G e) H

d. G

In the diagram, where is the coronary sulcus? a) C b) E c) G d) H e) I

b. E

In the diagram, where is the left auricle of left atrium? a) C b) F c) G d) H e) I

c. G

In the diagram, where is the ascending aorta? a) A b) B c) D d) F e) H

b. B

In the diagram, these contain coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat. a) F and H b) A and B c) C and G d) E and I e) D and F

d. E and I

In the diagram, where does the blood pass from the right atrium into the right ventricle? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b. B

In the diagram, where are the semilunar valves? a) B b) D c) E d) A e) None of the above

e. None of the above

In the diagram, where is the atrioventricular valve? a) B b) D c) A d) B and D e) B,D, and A

d) B and D

In the diagram, this supplies the walls of the ventricles with oxygenated blood. a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F

e) F

In the diagram, all of the following carry oxygenated blood. a) A b) B c) F d) E e) All of the above

e) All of the above

In the diagram, where is the marginal branch? a) A b) B c) D d) E e) F

b. B

In the diagram, where is the posterior interventricular branch? a) B b) D c) E d) F e) C

d. F

Where in the figure does depolarization events occur?a) 2 and 4 b) 1 and 3 c) 2,4 and 6 d) 1,3, and 5 e) 4 and 6

b) 1 and 3

Which of the follow represents coarctation of the aorta? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a) A

Which of the following represents an atrial septal defect? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

Which of the following represents the formation of the primitive heart tube? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

Which of the following represents formation of the endocardial tubes? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) B

This layer consists mainly of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers that extend circularly around the lumen. a) A b) B c) C d) A and B e) A, B and C

b) B

This layer contains a lining of simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane and a layer of elastic tissue. a) A b) B c) C d) A and B e) A,B, and C

a) A

Where is the metarteriole? a) A b) B c) D d) F e) E

b) B

Where is the capillary? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

d) D

Where is the postcapillary sphincter? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of the above

e) None of the above

This type of capillary wall has an incomplete or absent basement membrane. a) A b) B c) C d) A and B e) A,B, and C

c) C

This type of capillary wall is commonly found in the kidneys, villi of the small intestine, choroids plexuses and some endocrine glands. a) A b) B c) C d) A and B e) B and C

b) B

a) Venous blood blockage b) Skeletal muscle pump c) Systolic blood pressure d) Capillary bed thoroughfare channels e) Velocity of blood flow

b) Skeletal muscle pump