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Serology > Module 4 End of Chapter Questions > Flashcards

Module 4 End of Chapter Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The quality of test results in an agglutination reaction depends on all of the following except:

Duration of incubation
amount of antigen conjugated to the carrier
avidity of antigen conjugated to the carrier
whether the carrier is artificial or biological

A

Whether the carrier is artificial or biological

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2
Q

Flocculation procedures differ from latex agglutination procedures because

A

Soluble antigen reacts with antibody

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3
Q

In the hemagglutination technique, antihuman globulin is used as an enhancement medium to detect ___ antibodies

A

IgG

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4
Q

The prozone phenomenon can result in a

A

false-negative reaction

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5
Q

The effect of competing antibodies seeking to attach to antigen sites is called

A

steric hindrance

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6
Q

the description of a mixed-field graded agglutination reaction is

A

Few isolated aggregates; supernatant appears red

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7
Q

the description of a 1+ graded agglutination reaction is

A

A few small aggregates: turbid and reddish supernatant

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8
Q

The description of a 2+ graded agglutination reaction is

A

Medium-sized aggregate; clear supernatant

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9
Q

The description of a 4+ graded agglutination reaction is

A

All erythrocytes are combined into one solid aggregate; clear supernatant

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10
Q

the definition of precipitation is

A

Aggregation of soluble test antigens

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11
Q

the definition of agglutination is

A

Aggregation of particulate test antigens

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12
Q

the definition of coagulation is

A

uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance visibility of agglutination

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13
Q

the definition of flocculation is

A

Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with antibody, resulting in the formation of a precipitate of fine particles

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13
Q

the definition of hemagglutination is

A

Agglutination of erythrocytes in tests for antibody detection

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14
Q

artificial or biological carrier that can be used in an agglutination reaction include:

latex particles
colloidal charcoal
erythrocytes coated with antigen in a constant amount
all of the above

A

all of the above

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15
Q

sensitization:

is the first phase of agglutination
represents the physical attachment of antibody molecules to antigens on the RBC membrane
is an irreversible reaction
both a and b

A

Both a and b

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16
Q

agglutination can be used to enhance reactions by all of the following means except:

decreasing ionic strength of the reaction
centrifugation
increasing the pH of the reaction
using colloids and antihuman globulin

A

Increasing pH of the reaction

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17
Q

A negative latex agglutination reaction would appear as

A

no aggregates

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18
Q

A weak (1+ or 2+) latex agglutination reaction would appear as

A

tiyn aggregates that are barely visible macroscopically

19
Q

A 3+ latex agglutination reaction would appear as

A

several large aggregates

20
Q

all of the following statements are correct regarding human pregnancy testing except:

test detect hCG
the hCG is secreted by the trophoblast of the developing embryo
the presence of hCG rapidly increases in urine or serum
The presence of hCG in maternal urine or serum persists throughout pregnancy

A

the presence of hCG in maternal urine or serum persists throughout pregnancy

21
Q

All of the following statements are correct regarding hCG except:

it helps maintain the corpus lateum
it stimulates production of progesterone
it is detectable within 102 hours after the last expected menstrual period
it reaches peak levels at 2 to 3 months after the last menstrual period

A

It is detectable within 102 hours after the last expected menstrual period

22
Q

A urine specimen for pregnancy testing ___ be frozen

A

may

23
Q

Nephelometry measures the light scatter of

A

macromolecules

24
Q

Nephelometry can be used to assay all of the following except:

IgM
IgG
IgD
IgA

A

IgD

25
Q

Protein can be separated into ___ fractions by use of serum electrophoresis

A

five

26
Q

immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is primarily used in the

A

detection of monoclonal gammopathy

27
Q

IFE can test

A

serum
urine
CSF

28
Q

The primary use of IFE is

A

characterization of monoclonal immunoglobulins

29
Q

IFE can be used to detect the protein variable of

A

electrophoretic mobility

30
Q

Most M proteins are

A

IgG

31
Q

chemiluminescence:

A

has excellent sensitivity and dynamic range
does not require sample radiation

32
Q

The description of competitive immunoassay is

A

A fixed amount of labeled antigen competes with unlabeled antigen from the patient specimen for a limited number of antibody-binding sites

33
Q

the description of sandwich immunoassay is

A

A sample antigen binds to antibody fixed onto solid phase; chemiluminescent-labeled antibody binds to the antigen-antibody complex

34
Q

enzyme labels often used in indirect procedures are

A

alkaline phosphate
horseradish peroxidase
beta-galactosidase

35
Q

the description of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is

A

uses a nonisotopic label

36
Q

The description of the immunofluorescent technique assay is

A

uses antibody labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)

37
Q

the description of the direct immunofluorescent assay is

A

uses conjugated antibody to detect antigen-antibody reactions

38
Q

the description of inhibition immunofluorescent assay is

A

Antigen is first exposed to unlabeled antibody, then to labeled antibody

39
Q

the description of indirect immunofluorescent assay is

A

Based on antibodies acting as antigens and reacting with antiimmunoglobulins

40
Q

for an enzyme to be used in an EIA, it must meet all of the following criteria except:

high amount of stability
extreme specificity
prescence in antigen or antibody
no alteration by inhibitor with the system

A

Presence in antigen or antibody

41
Q

A fluorescent substance is one that ___light of one wavelength

A

Absorbs

42
Q

A fluorescent substance has the dual characteristic of ___ light of another longer wavelength

A

Emitting

43
Q

Which of the following molecules are detected by the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) technique?

proteins
peptides
hormones
all of the above

A

All of the above

44
Q

What is the major advantage of enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) compared with other quantification labeling methods?

A

Detection of an antigen or antibody at a low concentration

Serology (7 decks)

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