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AS Biology > module 4-communicable diseases > Flashcards

module 4-communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

communicable diseases

A

caused by bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

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2
Q

bacteria

A

has cell walls.
gram positive=purple blue
gram negative=red

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3
Q

pathogens

A

damage host cells.
viruses-take over cell metabolism.
fungi-damage cell.

produces toxins, and provide damage to host cells.

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4
Q

plant diseases

A

ringrot, toabic moasic virus, potato blight, black sigatoka,

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5
Q

ring rot

A

bacterial disease of potatoes, tomatoes, and caused by bacterium,
damages leaves, fruits.

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6
Q

tobaic moasic virus

A

infects plants and other species.
no cure.

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7
Q

potato blight

A

fungus like proticist.
no cure.

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8
Q

black sigatoka

A

banana disease caused by fungus.
cause reduction in yield.

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9
Q

animal diseases

A

TB, bacterial meningitis, HIV, influenza, malaria, ringworm, atheles foot.

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10
Q

TB

A

bacterial diseases
damages lung tissue
suppresses immune system

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11
Q

bacterial megingitis

A

bacterial infection affecting membrane of brain. if spread to rest of body, can cause blood poisoning and sudden death.
CURED-if antibiotics given in good time

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12
Q

HIV/aids

A

target T helper cells in immume system, by destroying it,
passed through body fluids.
no vaacine and cure.

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13
Q

influenza

A

viral infection of cells in gas exhcange, by killing cells, can lead to secondary infection.
can be vetal.
has 3 streps.

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14
Q

malaria

A

caused by protcista, has complex life cycle
invades red blood cells, liver and brain.

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15
Q

ringworm

A

fungal disease affecting mammals, dogs, causes circular areas of skin

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16
Q

direct transmission-animals

A

direct contact
inoculation-breaking in skin
indigestion

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17
Q

indirect transmission-animals

A

bedding, socking
droplets
vectors-transmit via hosts

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18
Q

factors affecting transmission

A

overcrowding
poor nutrition
poor disposal of waste.

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19
Q

direct transmission-plants

A

direct contact

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20
Q

indirect transmission-plants

A

soil contamination
vectors, wind water animalsp

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21
Q

plants defence against pathogens-recongising an attack

A

1)receptors in cells respond to molecules.
2)releases signalling molecules, which switch genes in nucleus.
3)starts producing defensive chemicals, sneding signalling and physically strengthen cell wall

22
Q

physical defences of plants

A

produce high levels of callose, goes between cell walls, and acts as barriers.
lignin added, as mechanical barrier to invasion,
block sieve plates, seal of infected part.
callose-seals of healthy/prevent spreading.

23
Q

non specific animal defences.

A

keeping pathogen out. skin covers body, so no entrance of pathogens.
lined by mucous membranes, secrete sticky mucus, which traps organisms.
also has lysozymes which destroys fungal and bacteiral cell walls.
lysozyme-acid in stomach

24
Q

blood clotting

A

enzyme triggering cascade of reactions resulting in blood clots.
make smooth muscle contract, reduces blood.
clot dries, forms tough, hard scab, so epidermal cell grows, which forms a scab slough.

25
Q

inflammory response

A

mast cells activated, releases histamines and cytokines.

26
Q

histamines

A

more blood vessels dilate, make red. high yemp=prevents pathogens reproducing, so more blood plasma goes out

27
Q

cytokines

A

attracts phagocytes, as can get removed by phagocytosis.

28
Q

getting rid of pathogens

A

fever
phagocytosis

29
Q

fever

A

pathogen invades body cytokines, stimulate hypothalamus. pathogens reproduce best at lower than 37. specific immune system works better at higher temperatures.

30
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocytes are specialised white blood cells, they enfulf and destroy pathogens. two types=macrophages, and neutohpills

31
Q

steps of phagocytosis

A

produce chemical atrracting phagocytes.
these recongise non human proteins, and enulfs it to vacuole.
FORMS PHAGOSOME. this combines with lysozyme=PHAGOLYSOZYME.

32
Q

Cytokine

A

cell signalling molecules
to inform body if body is under attack.

33
Q

opsonins

A

chemicals binding to pathogen, so easily recognised by phagocytes.

34
Q

antibodies

A

y shaped glycoprotein,
bind to specific antigen.
2 identical long polypepticide chain, held by disulfide bridges
hinge region
2 binding sites.

35
Q

antigen antibody complex

A

antibody binding to antigen.

36
Q

hinge region

A

flexability in antibiotics.

37
Q

how antibodies defend body

A

antibodies act as opsonin, complex is englufed and digested.
most pathogens no longer invade.
act as aggulutins,

38
Q

aggulutins

A

pathogens clumping together, so easily engulfed.

39
Q

helper cell

A

produces interleukins (cytokine),
stimulate activty of b cells,
more antibiotics,

40
Q

killer cell

A

destroy pathogen carrying antigen

41
Q

memory cell

A

live for long life, if meet again, rapidly formed

42
Q

regulator cell

A

suppress immune system, when pathogen is killed.

43
Q

b lympocytes

A

plasma=antibodies to antigen
effector-divide to form clones of plasma
memeoryc

44
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

cells changing in a way, mutation or inside cell ext.
1)macrophage engulf/digest pathogens
2)receptors in t helper cell fit antigen, produce interlukins, more cells produced by mitsosi, these van develop to t cell memory, or interleukins for phagocytisis.

45
Q

humoral immunity

A

outside cell
1)activated t cell bind to cell. clonal selection meetx correct t cell
2)interleukins activates b cell, divided by mitosis to give clones-CLONAL EXPANSION
3)produce antibodies
=disable them
=act as opsonins/aggulations
some b cells become memory=secondary immume

46
Q

autoimmume disease

A

immume system attacking healthy tissue
type 1 diabetes
arthisis
lupus

47
Q

natural active

A

infection with pathogen

48
Q

natural passive

A

antibodies from mum

49
Q

artificial active

A

vaacination

50
Q

artificial passive

A

injecting antibodies.

AS Biology (11 decks)

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