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AS Biology > Module 3 transport in animals > Flashcards

Module 3 transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange and transport

A

organisms exhange with environment.
products include:
waste
o2 and glucsoe
heat

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2
Q

unicellular

A

rely on diffusion to exchange substance.
short diffusion pathway.
larger surfacearea-volume

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3
Q

multicellular

A

need exchange/transport systems.
long diffusion pathway.
long to deliver o2
smaller SA;V ratio

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4
Q

very active organisms

A

have higher metabollic reactions

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5
Q

metabollic rates

A

amount of energy used by organism in given time.
active organisms need more ATP, as need to respire quicker.
this means more o2 needs to be delivered.

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6
Q

the lungs consist of

A

trachea-windpipe
bronchi-branches of trachea
bronchioles-branches of bronchi
alevoli-air sacs at end of bronchioles.

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7
Q

elastic fibres

A

lung stretches, and recoils doing inhalation and exhalation.

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8
Q

smooth muscles

A

Bronchiole.
relaxes doing exercise, decreases resistance, and increases air flow.

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9
Q

feautres of good blood supply

A

increased surface area to volume
thin layers
good blood supply
ventillation to mantain gradient

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10
Q

increased surface area to volume

A

provides area needed for exchange

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11
Q

thin layers

A

shorter distance to diffuse makes fast and efficent.

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12
Q

good blood supply

A

ensures blood, so substances constantly delivered.

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13
Q

ventilation to maintain gradient.

A

flow of water carrying dissolved gases,

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14
Q

trachea

A

main airway.
wide tube-incomplete rings-food can pass behind.
strong flexible cartilage, so it wont collapse.
ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.

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15
Q

ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.

A

beat and move mucus, which is secreted by goblet cells, which traps bacteria and mucus.

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16
Q

bronchus

A

smaller supporting rings of cartilage.

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17
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs-main exchange of body.
contains thin layer of flattened epthellium-same elastic collagen, and fibres.
allows to strech,a

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18
Q

bronchioles

A

no cartilage, only smooth muscle.
smooth muscle contracts-close up.
smooth muscle relaxes-opens up.
has a layer of flattened epthellium.

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19
Q

adaptations of alveoli

A

large surface area
thin lyaers
good blood supply
good ventillation

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20
Q

how is lungs ventiallated

A

ribcages have semi rigid case, so pressure is reduced.
diaphragm is broad doomed sheet of muscle.

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21
Q

inspiration of lungsm

A

diaphgram contracts, and external intermolecular muscles contract, move up and outwards .

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22
Q

exhalation of lungs

A

diaphgram relaxes, and external muscles relaxes, so moves down and inwards.

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23
Q

tidal volime

A

air moving in rest

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24
Q

inspiratory reserve vol

A

max air taken in

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25
Q

expiratory reserve vol

A

amount of air released after normal breath.

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26
Q

vital capacity

A

max amount of air inhaled and exhaled.

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27
Q

total lung capacity

A

total of vital and residual capacity.

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28
Q

residual volime

A

left after exhaled.

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29
Q

ventillation rate

A

tidal rate x breathing rate.

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30
Q

insects ventillation

A

little gas exchange.
open circilatory-o2 is not transported in blood
trachea to move through pores.

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31
Q

spircales

A

pores, where thorac open and closes, this is to reduce water loss.

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32
Q

air sacs in tracheal system

A

sections of tracheal have flexible walls, where these act as air sacs, so are squeezed by flight muscles.
these expand and contract, which is the ventilation of tracheal system.

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33
Q

altering thorax volume

A

wing movement alters thorax vol.
vol decreases-tracheal increases-air pushed out.
vol increases-tracheal pressure decreases-air pushed in

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34
Q

breathing movements

A

vol of abodmen is affected by breathing.
abodmen expands-front spircales open
abodmen contracts=rear spircales open.
air flows from front to rear.

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35
Q

fish

A

have small sav
impermable surfaces,
water denser then air. so lower o2 levels

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36
Q

impermable surfaces?

A

gas cannot diffuse

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37
Q

gills

A

mantain flow in one directon.
large surface area
good blood supply
thin layers.

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38
Q

structure of gills

A

each gill has 2 stack of filament, has rows of lamelle.

39
Q

lamelle

A

single layer of cells

40
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

water and blood flow in opposite directions, where cocnentration gradient of o2 is mantained, so o2 is higher in water then in blood

41
Q

ventillation in fish

A

1)fish opens mouth
2)buccal cavity is lowered
3)operculum is closed
4)vol of buccal cavity decreases, and pressure in cavity increases, so water is sucked into the cavity
5)fish closes mouth
6)buccal cavity raise.
7)water is forced out operculum as pressure causes it to open

42
Q

hearts consist of

A

two types of systems

43
Q

open

A

few vessels
pumped from heart to body cavity
contains haemocoel
direct contact
returns to heart through open vessels
insect blood has no o2 or co2, as it transports food, waste, cells.

44
Q

closed

A

blood is in blood vessels
heart pumps blood around body under pressure, quickly returns to heart.
substances leave/enter through blood vessels
blood vessel size changes.

45
Q

single circulatory

A

blood travels once through heart and complete circulation of body.
first exchanges o2 and co2, and then between the cells.

46
Q

double circulatory

A

blood travels through twice,, from heart to lungs, (picking up o2 and dropping co2)
then goes to cells.

47
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart.
carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary-blood from heart to lungs to umbiccal aertery, carrying deoxgenerated blood to plancenta.
high pressure
walls are collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle-stand force of blood

48
Q

areterolies

A

link arteries and capillaries
more smooth muscle, and less elastin.
contracts/dilates for blood flow.
vasoconstriction, and vasodilation

49
Q

vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscle contracts, constricts vessel, prevents blood flow

50
Q

vasodilayion

A

smooth muscle relaxes, and allows bloo flow

51
Q

capilaries

A

small lumen
large surface area
one cell thick

52
Q

veins

A

blood away from heart under low presurre
wide lumen
smooth lining-endothelium-easy blood flow
valves-prevent backflow
no pulse

53
Q

venulles

A

link capillaries with vein
thin walls with little smooth muscle and large lumen
several form a vein

54
Q

blood

A

plasma-glucose, aamino acids, ions, hormones.
platelets-clotting
white blood cells
transports o2 and co2
chemical messenger
platelets to damaged areas.

55
Q

tissue fluid

A

forced out of blood at aterial end.
returns to venrous end,

56
Q

tissue fluid formation

A

forced out of artial end, returns to venrous end.

57
Q

what happens at ateriole end?

A

plasma proteins are hydrophilloc, so water potential of blood plasma is lower, so water moves back by osmosis.
higher hydrostatic, so it is pushed out of cells.

58
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

blood passes through artery, and pressure is known as hydrostatic.

59
Q

what happens at venous end?

A

hydrostatic lower, as water is leaving, so oncatic iuncreases, due to plasma proteins.
water and tissue fluid is moving back.

60
Q

lymph

A

tissue fluid drains into here.
contains less o2 and nutrients.
has fatty acids.

61
Q

human heart

A

consists of 2 pumps, where deoxgenated blood flows from right to lumgs, then pumped to left side, where goes to all of the body.
surrounded by inelastic membranes

62
Q

atria

A

thin muscle walls, due to low presusre.

63
Q

right ventricle

A

thicker then atria
blood from heart to lunhgs.
alevoli is delicate,

64
Q

why is alveoli delicate?

A

as can be damaged from the high blood pressure

65
Q

left ventricle

A

muscle wall thicker
blood pumped to all of body from aorta

66
Q

sequence of heart

A

blood enters vena cava
blood fills right atrium.
AV valve opens and goes to ventricles
right ventricle contracts, SL valve opens
goes to pulmonary artery, then lungs.
then goes to AV valves, which opens to allow to ventricles.
left side goes to aorta, then to body.

67
Q

diastole

A

relax of heart.

68
Q

systeole

A

contraction of heart.

69
Q

AV

A

lub

70
Q

SL

A

dub

71
Q

vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium.

72
Q

pulamory vein

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

73
Q

pulamory artery

A

deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs.

74
Q

aorta

A

oxgenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body.

75
Q

valves

A

open-pressure higher behind
close-pressure higher infront.

76
Q

heart features

A

myogenic.
does not fatigue, unless o2 is not available.

77
Q

myogenic

A

contracts and relaxes without nervous or hormones
prevents body wasting resources.

78
Q

monitored by wave of excitement

A

1)wall of right atrium, contains SAN.
this initiates heartbeat by wave of excitement, atria contracts.
2)band of fibres between atria and ventricles-wave passes to wall of ventricles
this wave picked by AVN, goes to bundle of HIS. this conducts wave to purkyne fibres.

79
Q

purkyne fibres.

A

both sides of ventricles, which allows contraction of both.

80
Q

ECG

A

monitors electrical activity
involves placing electrodes to measure.

81
Q

transport of o2

A

is transported in red blood cells

82
Q

sturcutre of red blood cells

A

biconcave shape, so large surface area.
this helps to pass through narrow capillaries.
has hemoglobin, red pigment=carries o2.

83
Q

blood is a large globular conjugated protein

A

4 peptides with haem fe2+

84
Q

carrying o2

A

o2 levels are low.
steep concentration and air in, moves in and binds to Hb.
changes shape so other o2 can also bind. this is positive, as o2 is mantained, until all the Hb is saturated.

85
Q

when blood reaches body tissue

A

concentration of o2 in cytoplasm is lowered,
so o2 moves out,
so, Hb changes shape, so it easier to remove other.

86
Q

oxygen dissociation curve.

A

blood carries and releases o2.
percentage saturation plotted against po2.
shows affinity(how easily binds) of haemglobin

87
Q

small change in parital pressure of o2

A

signifgance difference of haeglobin and o2, as one added, changes shapes, so added quickly. m

88
Q

loaded with o2

A

small drop in o2, releases rapidly to go to cells

89
Q

bohr effect

A

partial pressure of co2 increases haemglobin given oygen is quicker.
this results in active tissue, meaning higher co2.
in lungs, where co2 is low, so o2 binds quicker.

90
Q

fetal haemglobin

A

oxgenated blood from mother is close to deoxgenated blood, as mother and fetus have same blood, so no o2 goes to fetus. this is why have a higher affinity, as removes o2 from maternal.

91
Q

transporting co2

A

dissolved in plasma
combined with aamino acids
hco3.

92
Q

respiring tissue

A

co2 diffuses to rbc, and pco2 is high.
carbonic ahydrases, reacts co2 and h2o to form h2co3.
small amount binds to haemglobin
carbonic acid, h+ and hc03-
lowering of ph causes o2 to dissociate, and binds to h+
hc03 diffuses to plasm,and cl- comes in to balance.

93
Q

alveoli

A

pco2 is low
hco3- and h+ combine to form carbonic acid
chloride shift reverse, so cl goes to plasma and hc03 to rbc.
carbonic acids forms co2 and h2o
co2 goes to alveoli
o2 goes to haemglobin.

AS Biology (11 decks)

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