Module 3 transport in animals Flashcards
Exchange and transport
organisms exhange with environment.
products include:
waste
o2 and glucsoe
heat
unicellular
rely on diffusion to exchange substance.
short diffusion pathway.
larger surfacearea-volume
multicellular
need exchange/transport systems.
long diffusion pathway.
long to deliver o2
smaller SA;V ratio
very active organisms
have higher metabollic reactions
metabollic rates
amount of energy used by organism in given time.
active organisms need more ATP, as need to respire quicker.
this means more o2 needs to be delivered.
the lungs consist of
trachea-windpipe
bronchi-branches of trachea
bronchioles-branches of bronchi
alevoli-air sacs at end of bronchioles.
elastic fibres
lung stretches, and recoils doing inhalation and exhalation.
smooth muscles
Bronchiole.
relaxes doing exercise, decreases resistance, and increases air flow.
feautres of good blood supply
increased surface area to volume
thin layers
good blood supply
ventillation to mantain gradient
increased surface area to volume
provides area needed for exchange
thin layers
shorter distance to diffuse makes fast and efficent.
good blood supply
ensures blood, so substances constantly delivered.
ventilation to maintain gradient.
flow of water carrying dissolved gases,
trachea
main airway.
wide tube-incomplete rings-food can pass behind.
strong flexible cartilage, so it wont collapse.
ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.
ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.
beat and move mucus, which is secreted by goblet cells, which traps bacteria and mucus.
bronchus
smaller supporting rings of cartilage.
alveoli
tiny air sacs-main exchange of body.
contains thin layer of flattened epthellium-same elastic collagen, and fibres.
allows to strech,a
bronchioles
no cartilage, only smooth muscle.
smooth muscle contracts-close up.
smooth muscle relaxes-opens up.
has a layer of flattened epthellium.
adaptations of alveoli
large surface area
thin lyaers
good blood supply
good ventillation
how is lungs ventiallated
ribcages have semi rigid case, so pressure is reduced.
diaphragm is broad doomed sheet of muscle.
inspiration of lungsm
diaphgram contracts, and external intermolecular muscles contract, move up and outwards .
exhalation of lungs
diaphgram relaxes, and external muscles relaxes, so moves down and inwards.
tidal volime
air moving in rest
inspiratory reserve vol
max air taken in
expiratory reserve vol
amount of air released after normal breath.
vital capacity
max amount of air inhaled and exhaled.
total lung capacity
total of vital and residual capacity.
residual volime
left after exhaled.
ventillation rate
tidal rate x breathing rate.
insects ventillation
little gas exchange.
open circilatory-o2 is not transported in blood
trachea to move through pores.
spircales
pores, where thorac open and closes, this is to reduce water loss.
air sacs in tracheal system
sections of tracheal have flexible walls, where these act as air sacs, so are squeezed by flight muscles.
these expand and contract, which is the ventilation of tracheal system.
altering thorax volume
wing movement alters thorax vol.
vol decreases-tracheal increases-air pushed out.
vol increases-tracheal pressure decreases-air pushed in
breathing movements
vol of abodmen is affected by breathing.
abodmen expands-front spircales open
abodmen contracts=rear spircales open.
air flows from front to rear.
fish
have small sav
impermable surfaces,
water denser then air. so lower o2 levels
impermable surfaces?
gas cannot diffuse
gills
mantain flow in one directon.
large surface area
good blood supply
thin layers.
structure of gills
each gill has 2 stack of filament, has rows of lamelle.
lamelle
single layer of cells
countercurrent exchange
water and blood flow in opposite directions, where cocnentration gradient of o2 is mantained, so o2 is higher in water then in blood
ventillation in fish
1)fish opens mouth
2)buccal cavity is lowered
3)operculum is closed
4)vol of buccal cavity decreases, and pressure in cavity increases, so water is sucked into the cavity
5)fish closes mouth
6)buccal cavity raise.
7)water is forced out operculum as pressure causes it to open
hearts consist of
two types of systems
open
few vessels
pumped from heart to body cavity
contains haemocoel
direct contact
returns to heart through open vessels
insect blood has no o2 or co2, as it transports food, waste, cells.
closed
blood is in blood vessels
heart pumps blood around body under pressure, quickly returns to heart.
substances leave/enter through blood vessels
blood vessel size changes.
single circulatory
blood travels once through heart and complete circulation of body.
first exchanges o2 and co2, and then between the cells.
double circulatory
blood travels through twice,, from heart to lungs, (picking up o2 and dropping co2)
then goes to cells.
arteries
carry blood away from heart.
carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary-blood from heart to lungs to umbiccal aertery, carrying deoxgenerated blood to plancenta.
high pressure
walls are collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle-stand force of blood
areterolies
link arteries and capillaries
more smooth muscle, and less elastin.
contracts/dilates for blood flow.
vasoconstriction, and vasodilation
vasoconstriction
smooth muscle contracts, constricts vessel, prevents blood flow
vasodilayion
smooth muscle relaxes, and allows bloo flow
capilaries
small lumen
large surface area
one cell thick
veins
blood away from heart under low presurre
wide lumen
smooth lining-endothelium-easy blood flow
valves-prevent backflow
no pulse
venulles
link capillaries with vein
thin walls with little smooth muscle and large lumen
several form a vein
blood
plasma-glucose, aamino acids, ions, hormones.
platelets-clotting
white blood cells
transports o2 and co2
chemical messenger
platelets to damaged areas.
tissue fluid
forced out of blood at aterial end.
returns to venrous end,
tissue fluid formation
forced out of artial end, returns to venrous end.
what happens at ateriole end?
plasma proteins are hydrophilloc, so water potential of blood plasma is lower, so water moves back by osmosis.
higher hydrostatic, so it is pushed out of cells.
hydrostatic pressure
blood passes through artery, and pressure is known as hydrostatic.
what happens at venous end?
hydrostatic lower, as water is leaving, so oncatic iuncreases, due to plasma proteins.
water and tissue fluid is moving back.
lymph
tissue fluid drains into here.
contains less o2 and nutrients.
has fatty acids.
human heart
consists of 2 pumps, where deoxgenated blood flows from right to lumgs, then pumped to left side, where goes to all of the body.
surrounded by inelastic membranes
atria
thin muscle walls, due to low presusre.
right ventricle
thicker then atria
blood from heart to lunhgs.
alevoli is delicate,
why is alveoli delicate?
as can be damaged from the high blood pressure
left ventricle
muscle wall thicker
blood pumped to all of body from aorta
sequence of heart
blood enters vena cava
blood fills right atrium.
AV valve opens and goes to ventricles
right ventricle contracts, SL valve opens
goes to pulmonary artery, then lungs.
then goes to AV valves, which opens to allow to ventricles.
left side goes to aorta, then to body.
diastole
relax of heart.
systeole
contraction of heart.
AV
lub
SL
dub
vena cava
deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium.
pulamory vein
Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.
pulamory artery
deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs.
aorta
oxgenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body.
valves
open-pressure higher behind
close-pressure higher infront.
heart features
myogenic.
does not fatigue, unless o2 is not available.
myogenic
contracts and relaxes without nervous or hormones
prevents body wasting resources.
monitored by wave of excitement
1)wall of right atrium, contains SAN.
this initiates heartbeat by wave of excitement, atria contracts.
2)band of fibres between atria and ventricles-wave passes to wall of ventricles
this wave picked by AVN, goes to bundle of HIS. this conducts wave to purkyne fibres.
purkyne fibres.
both sides of ventricles, which allows contraction of both.
ECG
monitors electrical activity
involves placing electrodes to measure.
transport of o2
is transported in red blood cells
sturcutre of red blood cells
biconcave shape, so large surface area.
this helps to pass through narrow capillaries.
has hemoglobin, red pigment=carries o2.
blood is a large globular conjugated protein
4 peptides with haem fe2+
carrying o2
o2 levels are low.
steep concentration and air in, moves in and binds to Hb.
changes shape so other o2 can also bind. this is positive, as o2 is mantained, until all the Hb is saturated.
when blood reaches body tissue
concentration of o2 in cytoplasm is lowered,
so o2 moves out,
so, Hb changes shape, so it easier to remove other.
oxygen dissociation curve.
blood carries and releases o2.
percentage saturation plotted against po2.
shows affinity(how easily binds) of haemglobin
small change in parital pressure of o2
signifgance difference of haeglobin and o2, as one added, changes shapes, so added quickly. m
loaded with o2
small drop in o2, releases rapidly to go to cells
bohr effect
partial pressure of co2 increases haemglobin given oygen is quicker.
this results in active tissue, meaning higher co2.
in lungs, where co2 is low, so o2 binds quicker.
fetal haemglobin
oxgenated blood from mother is close to deoxgenated blood, as mother and fetus have same blood, so no o2 goes to fetus. this is why have a higher affinity, as removes o2 from maternal.
transporting co2
dissolved in plasma
combined with aamino acids
hco3.
respiring tissue
co2 diffuses to rbc, and pco2 is high.
carbonic ahydrases, reacts co2 and h2o to form h2co3.
small amount binds to haemglobin
carbonic acid, h+ and hc03-
lowering of ph causes o2 to dissociate, and binds to h+
hc03 diffuses to plasm,and cl- comes in to balance.
alveoli
pco2 is low
hco3- and h+ combine to form carbonic acid
chloride shift reverse, so cl goes to plasma and hc03 to rbc.
carbonic acids forms co2 and h2o
co2 goes to alveoli
o2 goes to haemglobin.
