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AS Biology > module 2-biological molecules > Flashcards

module 2-biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

water

A

atoms have slightly negative and slightly positive electronegativity, interact + and -

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2
Q

properties of water

A

high boiling point
freezes-ice, less dense, ice floats=cohesive, so can draw up water
solvent
medium for chemical reactions
good transport medium
coolant-mantain temperatures
forms on surfaces of ponds/lakes=insulating layer.

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

single unit=monosaacharide, many of these=polysaacharides.

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4
Q

glucose

A

hexose monosaccharide
can be alpha or beta
polar and soluble in water.

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5
Q

alpha or beta?

A

OH on left side inverted

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6
Q

galacose+glucose

A

lactose.

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7
Q

2 alpha react

A

both OH react, form covalent bond-GLYCODSIC BOND, condensation reaction as water is a product. forms MALTOSE. 1-4 glycodsic bond

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8
Q

amylopepticin

A

1-4, and 1-6 glycodsic bonds.
branced structure=faster glucose release

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8
Q

amylose

A

alpha glucose molecules
twists to form helix, stabilised by h2 bonding
more compact, less soluble

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9
Q

glycogen

A

excess glucose in animals
insoluble.
highly branched and coiled=makes very compact

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9
Q

hydrolysis

A

releases glucose.
requires addition of water.

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10
Q

celluose

A

beta molecules turned upside, cannot coil or branch.
h2 bonding with microfibrils, join to make macrofibrils
=strong
=insoluble

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10
Q

bednict test

A

reducing sugar
1)place in boiling tube
2)add equal amount of bendict reagent
3)beat mixture
4)green-yellow-red

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11
Q

non reuducing

A

boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

starch

A

ioodine test for potassium iodide.
yellow to purple/black

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13
Q

lipids

A

non polar molecules
macromolecules made from repeating units

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14
Q

Triglycerides

A

combine one glycorel with 3 fatty acids
glycerol=alcohol-OH
fatty acid=carboxyl group, and has hydrocarbon tail

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15
Q

both glycerol and triglyceride have OH

A

leading to formation of 3 water molecules, bonds=ester bonds

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16
Q

presence of double bond

A

causes it to bend.

17
Q

phospohlids

A

modified triglcerides
solubel due to phosphate
non polar end tail/dont attract to water=hydrophobic
charged end of head=attracts=hydrophillic

18
Q

sterols

A

not fats or oils
complex alcohol molecules
membrane formation and creation of hydrohpobic
hormones

18
Q

structure of proteins

A

aamino acids same structure
r groups=aamino acids

19
Q

sythsis of proteins

A

amine and carboylic acid react CH and aamino acid aamine
condensation of aamino acid=peptide-produces water
nitrogen=amine

20
Q

primary

A

sequence of aamino acids.
peptide bonds

20
Q

secondary

A

alpha helix coils=h2 bonding
beta pleated.

21
Q

teritary

A

folding of protein to final shape
ionic bonding
covalent bonding
disulfide bonding

22
Q

quaternarty

A

between molecules

23
Q

globular

A

compact
water soluble
spherical
hydrophobic r group outside

24
Q

conjulated

A

has pthosteric group=haelglobn

24
Q

fibrous

A

long insoluble molecules

25
Q

keratin

A

hair skin nails, many strong disulfide bonds, strong infelxaible, insoulbe

26
Q

emuluson test

A

mixed with ethanol, and mixed with water.

27
Q

nucleotides

A

pentose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

28
Q

how are nucelotides linked

A

condensation
5 carbon with OH=PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS, forms long, strong sugar phopshate backbone.d

29
Q

deoxyribose

A

sugar in DNA

30
Q

PURINES

A

Double carbon, adenine and guaine.

30
Q

pyramidines

A

thymine and cytosine

31
Q

dna

A

double helix
both strands with hydrogen bonding 5 and 3, run in both directions=antiparalleing

32
Q

MRNA

A

transcribed to shorter strand

32
Q

RNA

A

essential to trandfer genetic material.
sugar=ribose
thymine replaced with urcail

33
Q

DNA extraction

A

grind sample in morter to break cell wall
mix with detergent=break cell membrane
add salt=break hydrogen bonding
add protease=break protein with DNA
add layer of ethanol, dna precpitates.

34
Q

dna semi replication

A

dna helicases causes dna to unwind
free dna nucleotides pair with complmentry base pairs
dna polymerase causes h2 bonding

35
Q

genetic code

A

dna coding for aamino acids
triplet code
universal
degenerate=many aamino acids coded for more then one

35
Q

transcription

A

same as semi conservation replication, one acts as template, makes mRNA

36
Q

translation

A

tRNA binds to mRNA in triplets, carry aamino acids, forming primary structure, then secondary.
can undergo modification for golgi.

37
Q

ATP

A

adeonosine trispohsate
nitrogesous base=adenine
pentose sugar-ribose
three phopshate groyps
hydrolysis=atp and phosphate

38
Q

properties of ATP

A

small
water soluble
large enough for cellular reactions, so not lots is produced so not wasted in heat
easily regenerated

AS Biology (11 decks)

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