module 2-biological molecules Flashcards
water
atoms have slightly negative and slightly positive electronegativity, interact + and -
properties of water
high boiling point
freezes-ice, less dense, ice floats=cohesive, so can draw up water
solvent
medium for chemical reactions
good transport medium
coolant-mantain temperatures
forms on surfaces of ponds/lakes=insulating layer.
carbohydrates
single unit=monosaacharide, many of these=polysaacharides.
glucose
hexose monosaccharide
can be alpha or beta
polar and soluble in water.
alpha or beta?
OH on left side inverted
galacose+glucose
lactose.
2 alpha react
both OH react, form covalent bond-GLYCODSIC BOND, condensation reaction as water is a product. forms MALTOSE. 1-4 glycodsic bond
amylopepticin
1-4, and 1-6 glycodsic bonds.
branced structure=faster glucose release
amylose
alpha glucose molecules
twists to form helix, stabilised by h2 bonding
more compact, less soluble
glycogen
excess glucose in animals
insoluble.
highly branched and coiled=makes very compact
hydrolysis
releases glucose.
requires addition of water.
celluose
beta molecules turned upside, cannot coil or branch.
h2 bonding with microfibrils, join to make macrofibrils
=strong
=insoluble
bednict test
reducing sugar
1)place in boiling tube
2)add equal amount of bendict reagent
3)beat mixture
4)green-yellow-red
non reuducing
boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid
starch
ioodine test for potassium iodide.
yellow to purple/black
lipids
non polar molecules
macromolecules made from repeating units
Triglycerides
combine one glycorel with 3 fatty acids
glycerol=alcohol-OH
fatty acid=carboxyl group, and has hydrocarbon tail
both glycerol and triglyceride have OH
leading to formation of 3 water molecules, bonds=ester bonds
presence of double bond
causes it to bend.
phospohlids
modified triglcerides
solubel due to phosphate
non polar end tail/dont attract to water=hydrophobic
charged end of head=attracts=hydrophillic
sterols
not fats or oils
complex alcohol molecules
membrane formation and creation of hydrohpobic
hormones
structure of proteins
aamino acids same structure
r groups=aamino acids
sythsis of proteins
amine and carboylic acid react CH and aamino acid aamine
condensation of aamino acid=peptide-produces water
nitrogen=amine
primary
sequence of aamino acids.
peptide bonds
secondary
alpha helix coils=h2 bonding
beta pleated.
teritary
folding of protein to final shape
ionic bonding
covalent bonding
disulfide bonding
quaternarty
between molecules
globular
compact
water soluble
spherical
hydrophobic r group outside
conjulated
has pthosteric group=haelglobn
fibrous
long insoluble molecules
keratin
hair skin nails, many strong disulfide bonds, strong infelxaible, insoulbe
emuluson test
mixed with ethanol, and mixed with water.
nucleotides
pentose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
how are nucelotides linked
condensation
5 carbon with OH=PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS, forms long, strong sugar phopshate backbone.d
deoxyribose
sugar in DNA
PURINES
Double carbon, adenine and guaine.
pyramidines
thymine and cytosine
dna
double helix
both strands with hydrogen bonding 5 and 3, run in both directions=antiparalleing
MRNA
transcribed to shorter strand
RNA
essential to trandfer genetic material.
sugar=ribose
thymine replaced with urcail
DNA extraction
grind sample in morter to break cell wall
mix with detergent=break cell membrane
add salt=break hydrogen bonding
add protease=break protein with DNA
add layer of ethanol, dna precpitates.
dna semi replication
dna helicases causes dna to unwind
free dna nucleotides pair with complmentry base pairs
dna polymerase causes h2 bonding
genetic code
dna coding for aamino acids
triplet code
universal
degenerate=many aamino acids coded for more then one
transcription
same as semi conservation replication, one acts as template, makes mRNA
translation
tRNA binds to mRNA in triplets, carry aamino acids, forming primary structure, then secondary.
can undergo modification for golgi.
ATP
adeonosine trispohsate
nitrogesous base=adenine
pentose sugar-ribose
three phopshate groyps
hydrolysis=atp and phosphate
properties of ATP
small
water soluble
large enough for cellular reactions, so not lots is produced so not wasted in heat
easily regenerated
