module 4 Flashcards
endocrine thyroid a & p
produces 3 hormones
calcitonin, t3, t4
need calcitonin to keep calcium in the bone
thyroid hormones give us energy and need iodine to make them
hyperthyroid / graves disease
too much energy! nervous decrease weight gain hot/sweaty exophthalmos decrease attention span increase appetite irritable GI increase or decrease BP increase increase thyroid
oncology risk factors
alchohol and tobacco = co carcinogens
diet: low fiber, increase fat, preservatives, nitrates
age >60*
hereditary
exposure: carcinogens/ultra violent radiation
chronic inflammation
hx of cancer or chemo
oncology primary prevention
Prevention: No smoking Exercise and good nutrition Normal weight Limit alcohol Vaccines Sunscreen, avoid second hand smoke
hyperthyroid diagnosis
decrease TSH, increase T4
amiodarone
antiarrhythmic drug, contains high levels of iodine and may affect thyroid function
tx for hyperthyroid
methimazole which stops the thyroid from making thyroid hormone
iodine compounds that decrease the vascularity of the gland
beta blockers
radioactive iodine therapy- destroys thyroid cells causing hypothyroid
hypothyroid
no energy fatigue no expression speech slow/slurred weight gain GI decrease cold
hypothyroid diagnosis
increase TSH and decrease T4
tx for hypothyroid
levothyroxine; take on empty stomach
parathyroid
calcium problem; too much parathyroid- calcium goes up
not enough parathyroid- calcium goes down
hyperparathyroidism
what is it ? and tx
hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
too much PTH
SEDATION.
take out the parathyroid so post op = hypocalcemia
hypoparathyroidism
what is it? and tx
hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
not enough PTH
no sedated
tx is calcium
pheochromocytoma
in the adrenal medulla
benign tumors that secrete epi and norepi in boluses
BP, HR, Palpitations, headache = increased
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and sex hormones
glucocorticoids
- change your mood
- alter defense mechanism; immunosuppressed, high risk for infection
- breakdown fats and proteins
- inhibit insulin- hyperglycemic
mineralcorticoids
aldosterone
makes you retain na and h2o
makes you lose K
sex hormones
too many: hirsutism, acne, irregular menstrual cycle
not enough: decrease axillary and pubic hair, decrease sex drive
addisons
what is it
s/s
tx
not enough steroids
extreme fatigue, n/v/d, anorexia, hypotension, confusion, hyperpigmentation, white patchy area of depigmented
decreased sodium, increase potassium, hypoglycemia
tx: combat shock, retain na in diet, I/o, daily weight, FVD
cushings
what is it
s/s
tx
too many steroids
CHF, weight gain, FVO, hyperglycemia, moon face, truncal obesity, buffalo hump, oily skin, women with male traits
Increase sodium decrease k
tx: increase k, decrease na
long term use of steroids you will see what in the urine
ketones and glucose
type 1
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia= hyperglycemic
they have no insulin production
tx: insulin
dka is seen in
type 1; kussmaul respirations so metabolic acidosis
type 2
have insulin but not enough; usually overweight
s/s: repeated vaginal infections, wounds that wont heal
tx: oral agents and/or insulin
metabolic syndrome
waist circumference >35 women and >40 men triglycerides >150 HDL <40 in men <50 in women blood pressure >130/85 FBS >100
gestational diabetes
what is it and when are moms usually screened
resembles type 2
mom needs more insulin than normal
24-28 weeks all moms are screens
when should a diabetic person exercise
when blood sugar is at its highest
metformin
do not see hypoglycemia with this since it does not stimulate the release of more insulin .
need to stop taking this if client needs contrast dye 48 hours before and after
hba1c levels are checked how often
past 3-4 months
what happens to your blood sugar when you are sick or stressed?
increase
if hypoglycemic what should the client do
eat/drink a simple carb snacks should be 15 grams of carbohydrates
HHS
2 s/s
seen in type 2
looks like DKA but no acidosis
NO breakdown of fats so NO ketones= no acid
hyperglycemia and dehydration
diabetic foot care
cut toenails straight across dry completely between toes wear well fitting shoes inspect feet everyday no harsh chemicals
primary prevention
help prevent the actual occurrence of cancer such as no smoking, exercise, maintain normal body weight, limit or eliminate alcohol
secondary prevention
when we use early screenings to pick up on cancer early, when there is a greater chance for cure or control
breast self exams, testes exams, pap smear, mammogram, colonoscopy
tertiary prevention
focuses on the management of long term care for clients with complex treatments for cancer such as support groups and rehab programs
4 bleeding precautions
electric razor, soft toothbrush, no IM, quiet play for children
extreme wasting and malnutrition
cachexia
blood tests for cancer
NEUTROPHILS
AST and ALT will be elevated
goal of chemotherapy
eliminate or reduce the number of cancer cells by destroying the cells as they are developing; helps when cells are actively growing
chemo precautions
chemotherapy gown, 2 pairs of gloves, and goggles/mask
2 types of transplant
stem cell transplant- when stem cells are transplanted from the blood stream
bone marrow transplant- when stem cells are transplated from bone marrow
non pharm for n.v
ginger, acupunture, aromatherapy, relaxation techniques
3 systems affected with cancer
GI, hematopoietic, and integumentary
neutropenia
WHAT IS IT
TX
decrease in neutrophils. calculate ANC
2500-8000
neutropenic precautions and antibiotics
thrombocytopenia
what is it
tx
is a decrease in the number of circulating platelets in the blood; platelets help with clot1ting
tx: give platelets
notify the doc if a client is hypo or hyperthyroid and is on
amiodarone
post thyroidectomy
suction, o2, and trach set at beside
hunger is a sign of
hypoglycemia
metformin
works only on glucose and doesnt stimulate production of insulin
decrease hypoglycemic
increase gastric emptying so DIARRHEA
prevention screenings for women 4
monthly breast exams
mammograms at age 40
annual pelvic and breast exams
pap smear every 1-3 years
prevention screenings for men 2
monthly breast and testes exam
digital rectal and prostate over age 50
prevention screenings for BOTH
colonoscopy at 50 then q 10 years
annual fecal occult blood
