Module 4 Flashcards
What are the different reservoirs?
Human
Nonliving
Animal/zoonoses
What’s the different between clinical and subclinical symptoms?
Clinical- symptoms are obvious
Subclinical- no obvious symptoms
What are the different kinds of carriers?
Asymptomatic- harbour pathogens but no signs of infection
Convalescent- during incubation or after recovery
Chronic- pathogens are present after 6 months
What are the different modes of transmission?
Contact- direct, indirect, droplet
Vehicle- contaminated items
Food/water/air/blood/medicine
Droplet nuclei
Vector
What are the portals of microorganismal entry?
Skin
Mucus membranes
Placenta
Parenteral
Food
How can healthcare workers protect themselves?
Immunizations (routine and flu shot)
Hand hygiene
PPE
Properly dispose of sharps and biohazards
What body fluids are standard precautions applicable to?
All but sweat
What cleaning solutions are used and give an example of what you’d clean with it.
Germicidal soap- hand washing
Strong bleach- contaminated surfaces
Weak bleach- chair
Strong and weak precept
What is the protocol for biological spill clean up?
Hold breath, leave for 10-30min
PPE
Cover with paper towel, pour on disinfectant, wait 30min, remove and repeat
How do you deal with a dried spill?
Moisten with disinfectant before clean up.
How do you deal with large spills?
Contain with clay or Cl based absorbent then sweep up.
Disinfect broom.
What do you do if there’s a leaking specimen?
Inform others
Place in ziplock
Reject specimen or transfer to a clean container
What are potential environmental exposures?
Skin pierced by contaminated sharp
Body fluid splashes in mucus membrane
Body fluid comes into contact with broken skin
Human bite breaks the skin
What is post exposure protocol?
First aid
Documentation
Occupational health determines next steps
What should an incident report include?
Route
Source
Vol
Time since injury
Extent of injury
Type and time of treatment
How soon must an accident report be filled out?
Within 48hrs
What different types of hand hygiene are there?
Plain soap
Antimicrobial soap- invasive procedures AROs
Antiseptic waterless products
Three min scrub
In what order do you donn and doff PPE?
Donn: hand hygiene-gown-mask-goggles-gloves
Doff: gloves-goggles-mask-gown-hand hygiene
What is the purpose of isolation procedures?
Separate patients with certain transmissible infections.
Protect immunodeficient patients.
What are the two tiers of precautions from the CDC?
Standard- all patients
Transmission-based- patients infected/colonized with certain pathogens
When are protective environments used?
With severely immunodeficient patients.
What’s the difference between quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)?
QA- program that guarantees quality patient care
QC- procedures to implement QA
What does QA in the lab monitor?
Patient prep Specimen collection Specimen transportation Specimen processing Instrumental and tech performance of tests Lab safety In service training and education
What is QCs goal?
To standardize procedures by minimizing/controlling variation in testing.
What is the QC for patient prep?
Asking the nursing staff/patient whether procedures were followed before drawing a sample (ie. fasting).
What is the QC for the number of collection attempts?
The number of unsuccessful attempts are logged
Written policy describes what to do if unsuccessful collection attempt, patient unavailability or refusal
How many times are you allowed to attempt getting blood?
Twice
What is he QC for vol of sample draws?
Log kept of paediatric/newborn patients
Iatrogenic anemia- induced by medical procedures
What is the QC for specimen transport?
Should be taken to the lab ASAP.
What is the QC for evacuated tubes?
Visually check for defects/foreign materials
Sterility- swab 2 and inoculate a plate
Durability- fill and centrifuge and check
Draw accuracy- simple or CLSI technique, 4 tubes
Functioning of additive- spin 2 and check separation, check anticoag effectiveness, send 2 to metals lab and 2 heparin to chem
Check expiry dates
What is the CSLI technique?
Checks draw accuracy
Buret filled with water Tubing attached to tip Needle attached to tubing Bleed Insert needle to tube Open stopcock, push in needle, allow to fill Read volume
How to you check anticoagulant effectiveness?
Pour blood through gauze, check for clots.
What is the QC for needles?
Check expiration date
Check tamper proof seal
Check for manufacturing errors
What is the QC for centrifuges?
Check timer (stopwatch)
Check RPMs (tachometer)
What are the elements required for organism transmission?
Source/reservoir
Means of transmission
Susceptible host
