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MEDL 330 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cleaning procedures for collection trays/carts?

A

Daily- wipe spills with strong bleach, dust, wipe top of needle disposal

Weekly- submersion in weak bleach for 5-10min

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2
Q

What containers are required for sharps disposal?

A

Puncture resistant containers.

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3
Q

What are the benefits of wearing gloves?

A

Provide a protective barrier

Reduce vol of blood in the event of a needle stick injury

Reduce microorganism transmission

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4
Q

What are the different kinds of gloves and their pros/cons?

A

Latex- fit well but breakdown and many are allergic

Vinyl- nonallergenic but don’t fit as well

Nitrile- fit well but designed to tear if perforated

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5
Q

What are the functions of tourniquets?

A

Briefly inhibit venous return to make the vein more palpable

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6
Q

What is the max time a tourniquet should be left on and why?

A

1 min

Partial filtration will occur, hemoconcentration.

Falsely elevated protein, hematocrit and other cell count levels.

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7
Q

What are the different types of tourniquets?

A

Blood pressure cuff

Latex

Nonlatex

Velcro

Buckle cloth elastics

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8
Q

What kinds of alcohol are used to clean collection sites and when?

A

70% isopropyl alcohol- routine collections

10% povidone iodine- blood cultures or blood alcohol

Chlorhexidine gluconate- blood alcohol

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9
Q

What are the parts of the needle?

A

Bevel

Shaft

Hub

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10
Q

What are the most common gauges and their colour coding?

A

23- blue

22- black

21- green

20- yellow

18- pink

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11
Q

How can hemolysis be avoided?

A

By not using a small needle with a large vacuum tube.

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12
Q

What are the different types of evacuated system needles?

A

Single sample

Multisample- rubber seal/valve to prevent leakage between tubes

PunctureGuard- self blunting

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13
Q

What are the components of evacuated systems?

A

Needle

Holder

Evacuated tubes

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14
Q

What are the different types of holders?

A

Sizes- larger vols, shorter, paediatric

Pronto- quick release

Shielded blood needle adapter- needle is retracted and locked

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15
Q

What are the different kinds of evacuated tubes?

A

Hemogard- rubber stopper surrounded by plastic shield

UltraSeal stopper- reduces spatter and contamination

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16
Q

What are nonadditive tubes used for?

A

Serum samples

Red tops

Coated with silicon to prevent blood cells sticking a rupturing

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17
Q

What are the different additives found in tubes?

A

Anticoagulants

Antiglycolytic agents

Clot activators

Thixotropic gel separators

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18
Q

What are the different anticoagulants and their functions?

A

EDTA- chelates Ca, inhibits platlet clumping, can’t be used for coag procedures

Heparin- interferes with thrombin formation

NaCit- chelates Ca

K/Na/NH4 oxalate- binds Ca, used with antiglycolytic agents

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19
Q

What is the function of antiglycolytic agents and what is an example of one?

A

Inhibit glucose metabolism

Na fluoride- glucose testing, inhibits enzymes

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20
Q

How do clot activators enhance coagulation?

A

Increase the surface area for platlet activation

Enhance the clotting process

  • Facilitate full clotting
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21
Q

What is the function of thixotropic gel separators?

A

Form a physical barrier between the cells and fluid.

Clot and serum or cells and plasma

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22
Q

What is the correct order of drawing tubes?

A

Blood culture/sterile

Citrate (light blue)

Serum (SST/red)

Heparin (PST/green)

EDTA (lavender)

Fluoride (grey)

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23
Q

What is the function of collection tray/carts?

A

Used to carry equipment for collections.

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24
Q

Describe a red top tube and its additives.

A

No additives (unless plastic then clot activator, mix 5x)

Use for serum, chemistry, immunology, toxicology

Coated to prevent cell adherence

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25
Q

Describe a SST/gold tube and its additives.

A

Polymer barrier and clot activator (mix 5x)

Serum chemistry, serology

Can store after separation

26
Q

Describe a STAT serum/yellow-black-orange top tube and its additives.

A

Two units of thrombin (mix 5x)

STAT serum chemistry, anticoagulation

Clots in 5min

27
Q

Describe a navy blue top tube and its additives.

A

Can have heparin (8x), sodium EDTA (8x) or no additive

Serum trace elements, toxicology, nutrient analysis

28
Q

Describe a lavender top tube and its additives.

A

EDTA or dipotassium EDTA (mix 8-10x)

Hematology, while blood counts and sizing

Inversions prevent clotting

29
Q

Describe a pink top tube and its additives.

A

Dipotassium EDTA (mix 8-10x)

Transfusion medicine

Special label

30
Q

Describe a grey top tube and its additives.

A

Glycolytic inhibitor- NaF or NaK oxalate (mix 8-10x)

Preserves glucose, whole blood, plasma

If tube is under filled hemolysis occurs

Use for blood alcohol

31
Q

Describe a light blue top tube and its additives.

A

3.2% NaCit (mix 3-4x)

Coagulation studies, plasma

Must be 99% filled

Centrifuge 1500G for 15 min

32
Q

Describe a green top tube and its additives.

A

Na heparin (mix 8-10x)

STAT electrolytes, plasma

Can be centrifuges immediately

33
Q

Describe a PST/light green top tube and its additives.

A

Li heparin and inert polymer (mix 8-10x)

STATs, plasma

Don’t use for Li analysis

Separates as it spins

34
Q

Describe a yellow top tube and its additives.

A

SPS (mix 8-10x)

Blood cultures

35
Q

What are the two ways to describe tube sizes?

A

Actual measured size

Vol of fluid it can contain

36
Q

What are the benefits to using standard size tubes to collect various sample sizes?

A

Only need one size holder

More efficient

Reduced need for balancing

37
Q

How are partial draw tubes indicated?

A

Translucent hemogard stopper.

38
Q

How can we compensated for high altitude effects in small draw tubes?

A

Mexico City tubes

Suspend a small tube in a larger tube

39
Q

What is the blood:additive ratio allowed to vary by?

A

+/- 10%

40
Q

Why is mixing after collection important?

A

Unmixed anticoagulants clot

Unmixed clot activators don’t clot

41
Q

What are the different volume effects?

A

Over- clotting

Under- not enough sample, dilution effect, cell changes

42
Q

What is the minimum acceptable full volume/NSQ of all tubes except NaCit?

A

50% capacity

43
Q

Why is it important to follow the correct tube fill order?

A

Otherwise carry over contamination could occur.

44
Q

What could happen if EDTA is collected first?

A

Elevated K or falsely low Ca

45
Q

What should K oxalate and Fluoride tubes always be collected last?

A

K contamination- false increase

Oxalate damages cell membranes and chelates Ca

Fluoride acts as an enzyme inhibitor

46
Q

What if Na oxalate is filled instead of K oxalate?

A

False increase in Na

47
Q

What if tubes are contaminated with clot activators?

A

Interfere with coagulation tests

48
Q

When are discard tubes required?

A

For special coag testing (VIII)

If drawn with a butterfly needle

Gets right vol, accounts for air drawn from tubing

49
Q

What are the parts of a syringe?

A

Barrel

Plunger

50
Q

What are syringes useful for?

A

Patients with delicate/damaged veins

Patients with difficult veins

Blood culture specimens

51
Q

What are the different types of tips used in syringes?

A

Smooth tips

Leur-lock

52
Q

Why must blood be transferred as quickly as possible from the syringe to the vacuum tube?

A

To prevent microclot formation.

Anticoag tubes can be filled first.

53
Q

What are the three ways to fill a tube from a syringe?

A

Puncture the stopper

Remove stopper and needle

Use direct draw adapter

54
Q

When is capillary puncture used?

A 
Paediatric patients
Small samples
Unsuccessful venipuncture 
Poor veins
Burn victims
Obese patients
Glucose monitoring
Point of care testing
55
Q

What is the order of capillary draws?

A

EDTA

Tubes with additives

Tubes without additives

56
Q

What types of lancets are there?

A

Metal- not recommended

Automated- recessed blade, automatically retracts

57
Q

What are the different kinds of automated lancets and their uses?

A

Purple- 1.5mm, low flow

Pink- 1.8mm, medium flow

Blue- 2.0mm, high flow

58
Q

What are capillary tubes?

A

Small glass tubes

Collect blood via capillary action

59
Q

What are microtainers?

A

Small, single use tube collection devices

60
Q

What are unopettes?

A

Make a dilution of the sample for cell counts

Sample added to diliuent immediately

MEDL 330 (13 decks)

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