Module 11 Flashcards
Why do abnormalities in CSF occur?
Diseases of the meninges or CNS.
How is CSF drawn and how can it be used?
Lumbar puncture
Diagnosis
Documentation of impaired CSF flow or to lower pressure
Introduction of anaesthetics, drugs, radiograph if contrast media
What are the tubes of CSF that are collected?
Chem- protein and glucose
Micro
Hema- cell count
Cytology
What tests are done on CSF?
Volume and appearance
Cell count
Protein
Glucose
Culture and CSF analysis
Cytology
Virology
When are myelogram CSFs drawn and what tests are done?
When a myelogram is being performed.
Volume
Appearance
Cell count
Protein
What is amniotic fluid and what’s it used to test?
Surrounds the fetus.
Detects potential problems prior to birth.
Cytogenetic studies (genetic disease detection)
Detection of fetal jeopardy
Determination of fetal maturity
When is amniocentesis performed?
From 12th-42nd week of gestation.
What is the function of CSF?
Bathes and protects the brain and spinal cord.
Why does excess synovial fluid occur?
Results from disease states.
What tests are performed on synovial fluid?
Chem- protein, glucose, crystals, heparin
Hema- cell counts, EDTA
Micro- gram stain, culture
What are the characteristics of pleural fluid?
20-50mL between the lungs and thoracic wall.
Cancer, Tb, pulmonary infections can cause increases.
What are the characteristics of pericardial fluid?
10-50mL surrounding the heart.
Inflammation and rupture of the pericardium can cause excess.
What are the characteristics of peritoneal fluid?
Surrounds abdominal organs.
Effusions- abnormal accumulations, removed by paracentesis.
What tubes are fluid for body cavity secretions placed in?
Heparin tubes.
What tests are done on body cavity fluids?
Chem- protein, glucose, amylase, LDH, 3mL
Hema- cell counts, 1mL
Micro- gram stain, cultures, AFB, 3mL in sterile tube
Cytology- 2-20mL in plain tube
What is added to body fluid cytology tubes if there is a delay in testing?
Equal amounts of 70% isopropyl alcohol.
Why is semen examined?
Determine sperm count in fertility investigations.
Confirm sperm absence in post vasectomy patients.
What do stool specimens aid in the diagnosis of?
Infectious bacterial agents
Intestinal parasites
Viral infections
Digestive disorders
Colorectal cancer
How are stool culture and sensitivity tests collected for?
Collect multiple samples 2-3 days apart.
What is the ova and parasite procedure used for and how is it done?
ID of intestinal parasites.
Examine macroscopically for worms.
Examine microscopically for ova.
How are pinworm infections diagnosed?
Recovery of ova from perianal region using scotch tape or collocation kit.
Examine microscopically.
What is the purpose of fecal fat 72hr collection?
Assesses the degree of malabsorption by determining how much fat is excreted in stool.
How is 72hr fecal fat performed?
100g fat/day diet for 3 days prior and during.
All stools within 72hrs are collected (first is discarded, starts time).
Cans are filled no more than half full and mixed.
What should be avoided during fecal fat collection?
Barium meals, enemas or other laxatives.
What is the purpose of occult blood testing?
Detects small amounts of blood in stool to detect early stage colorectal cancer.
What is more commonly done in place of occult blood testing?
Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT)
What are micro specimens for C and S? How are they handled?
Swabs of infected area from a variety of body locations.
Placed in transport medium and transported to lab.
Time stamp req.
Confirm ID and specimen.
If no body site indicated, call unit.
Make gram stain and inoculate media.
How are virology specimens confirmed?
Isolated and IDed by culture and molecular techniques.
Serology- rise in AB titer or presence of AB.
How are viral specimens collected?
Chilled (4°C) and transferred to the lab ASAP.
Accompanied by a brief clinical summary.
What are examples of viral collections?
Throat swab
Stool
CSF
Tissue
Urine
Vesicle fluids
Skin scrapings
How are serology specimens collected?
Plain red top tubes.
Acute- after disease onset
Convalescent- 2-3wks after onset
Rising AB titer- collect both acute and convalescent and compare
AB presence- one sample only
What are types of cytology samples?
Urine
Sputum
What is done if there’s a delay in cytology testing?
Add an equal volume of 50% alcohol to preserve cells.
What is sputum used for?
Investigation of lung disorders.
Cytological studies- presence of abnormal cells
Micro studies- routine C and S or for Tb investigation
