Module 4 Flashcards
Proto Renaissance
describes art of previous two centuries that anticipate the coming of Renaissance
Development of Western art from classical antiquity to midevial period to return to classical art
Classical Antiquity date
600 BC - 400 AD
Middle Ages date
400 - 1400 AD
The Renaissance date
1400 - 1600 AD
Italy in 13th -14th century
Independent city states
idea of civic pride ran strong for each city state
centers of increasing prosperity
centers of humanistic learning
Italo Byzantine
Late antiquity- Rome split to Western (Rome) and Eastern (Byzantine)
refugees from iconoclastic controversy in east introduced Italo Byzantine style
flat, gold background; heavy use of line, somewhat unnatural representation of figures and space
Italo Byzantine Artists
Cimabue
Giotto
Duccio
Martini
Lorenzetti
Cimabue
transitional figure from Italo-Byzantine style to Proto-Renaissance style
Madonna enthroned w Angels and Prophets
flat, gilded space
3D implied at throne; attemps at naturalism and realistic depiction of form and space
Giotto
Rise of Naturalism
GRANDFATHER of Renaissance for his more naturalistic and humanistic representation
trained by Cimabue
still Italo-Byzantine style, more 3D sense
Arena Chapel
Giotto’s Arena Chapel
represent Giotto’s culmination of his advancement in both naturalism and humanist themes
True Fresco- 38 pictures- life of Mary and Christ
Natural blue sky- normally gold
Imitiation marble veneer- from Rome
Lamentation Fresco-
-more naturalism- individualized facial expressions and asymmetrical comp.
Art in Siena
Wealthy bc of silk tade
stronghold of Artistic traditionalism
considered ideal city- centered around civil monument
Duccio
Sienese artist of Proto- Renaissance
Maesta ALterpiece
-conservative Sienese style roted in Italo-Byzantine tradition
13ft. altar piece- Mary surrounded by Saints, religious with Civic, less naturalism- gold background, crowded
Betrayal of Jesus- emotions expressed, landscape naturalistic, classic drapery
Martini
International Style
Pupil of Duccio- contact with French Art
Absorved French Gothic style- tracry of frame, use of brilliant colors, lavish costumes, intricate ornaments
Lorenzetti
large fresco- effect of good gov’t in city and country
-allegorixal representation of good gov’t should promote- peace, prosperity, and virturous civic life
- work of propoganda (comissioned by city gov’t)
embrace secular themes and interest in depicting nature show impeding
Middle Ages Art feel
accumulation of riches in beyond to avoid hardship of purgatory and hell created anti-materialist attitude
Renaissance art feel
celebrated, classical texts, wordly accomplishments, and enjoyment of finer things
REnaissance interest
renewed one of pagan authors of Classical Antiquity
Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Ovid
Teaching not always approved by Christian Church
Renaissance Invention
Printing Press- movable type- Johannes Gutenberg, 1445
easier spread of ideas across Europe
Dante’s Divine Comedy published in local vernacular
Humanistic mindset
promote investment in here and how by epousing civic pride and responsibility to one’s city
also fame, honor, wordly accomplishments, and accumulation of weath
new art patrons
wealthy merchantsd and ind. engaged in mercenaries
allowed for arts to flourish outside of patronage of Church
Most influential ones were Medici Family of Florence- wealthy through banking- art center of Italy
Renaissance artist
Bruneleschi
Donatello
Michelangelo
Davinci
Raphael
Fabriano
Early Renaissance- international Style
Adoration of the Magi
Gothic tracery of patterns and visual splendor
inclusion of Chivalry (horse) of French
Illustrate Foreshortening
continue interest in naturalism, add depth through visual contraction
Masaccio
Master of Florence Painting
continued earlier steps of Naturalism
fully mature single point perspective and Chiaroscuro (light and shadow)
Tribue money
Expulsion of Adam and Eve
Holy Trinity
Tribute Money
Masaccio
tax collector from contrapasto
3 dif. movements of time
atmospheric perspective- illusion of space
linear perspective
dif. people having dif. reactions
foreshortened halos
classical drapery
Expulsion of Adam and Eve
Masaccio
nude bodies modeled after Classical Greek
Holy Trinity
Masaccio
use of accurate single point perspective
architectural frame showing ionic and corinthian columns
Fra Angelico
The Florentine Friar Painter
Monasteries- social and religious import
Friar and painter at Sam Marco Monastery in Florence
Annunciation
Castagno
Florentine painter
used perspective
Last Supper
Last Supper
Castagno
comissioned from dining hall of monastery Sant’Apollonia
new development- psychological introspection of drama- each Apostle have own expression
inspired by Classical- colorful
Near Eastern Chimera
Perugino
Fresco- Christ delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter
Christ delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter
culmination of single-point perspective
founding myth of Vatican
triumphal arches (Arch of COnstantine)
comissioned by Pope Sixtus IV
Mantegna
use of extreme foreshortening of human body to achieve 3D
Room for Newlyweds fresco
Dead Christ painting
Room for Newlyweds
Mantegna- Fresco
comissioned by ruler of Mantua- Gonzaga for wedding
Mantuan court life with group, duke’s family, and himself
roman wall paintings of Pompeii
oculus- eye to sky- ceiling
di sotto in su (seen from below)
Dead Christ
Mantagna- painting
foreshortenting- staring at feet
precedence over message of Redemption
Savonarola
during time a monk (savonarola) condemned hedonism of Renaissance as heretic and return to Christian balues= outsted Medicis
Renaissance artist lost most important patron
Italy put more emphasis on ideas of sin and repentace
Signorelli
Damned Cast into Hell fresco
Savonarola’s effect on art
Wool Merchant Guild of Florence competition
find sculptor for east doors of Florence baptistery
two finalist- Brunelleschi and Ghiberti
story of Isaac, Gothic= Quatrefoil
Bruneschelli- competition
angel coming out and stopping the hand
violence is present
distorted
“scary”
Ghiberti- competition
drama
classical canon of male nude
muscalutture anatomy of body
comp is 3D, animated, wind-swept
Bruneschelli
went to architecture
built dome of Florence Cathedral
Banco
comission to fill niches of sculpture’s guild
Four Crowned Saints
Four Crowned Saints
represent CHristian sculptors who lived at time of Emperor Diocletian- refuse to sculpt images of emperor and executed
classical, free-standing figure- not engage in wall
classical drapery, proportions, unique physiognomy
advertisement for sculptor’s guild
Donatello
Revival of Classical Nude
also create sculpture for niches of the guild- Or San Michele
finanaced by linen drapers guild
St. Mark
David
St. Mark
first completely free-standing sculpture on building since CLassical antiquity
bends knee in contrapposto
more life-like (Kritios)
David- Donatello
first free standing classical nude figure since antiquity
reinvigorate proportions canon and contrapposto
Daid, Goliath slayer
symbolic for republic of FLorence
commissioned by Medici
David- introspective, quiet, classical, looking towards head (down) in humility
David- Verrocchio
not nude but contours of body visible
David is brash, confident, self-assertive, gaze directed to spectator, more mature
Dome of Florence Cathedral
Brunelleschi created it
Giotto Bondone- painter- designed the bell tower
build dome composed of ogival (pointed arch) sections with ribs for internal reinforcement
thin, double shell for reducing pressure on base
compression ring inserted on base
Medici Palace
coming back after being ousted by Savonarola’s campaing, more careful about wealth flounting
Michelozzo Bartolommeo took over project
hyprid structure of palace and fortress
facade- heavily rusticated, adorned with increasingly refined structure going up- heavy cornice
inner courtyard light and airy- corinthian
Alberti
Architect and Mathematician
deisgner, builder, translator and commentator on Vitruvius’ texts on architecture
Church of Santa Maria Novella facade
west facade of church of Sant’Andrea in Mantua
Facade for Santa Maria Novella
Alberti
marble patter completely symmetrical, sense of rythym
designed according to mathematical ratios- symmetry
lateral scrolls- upper portion with rose window
west facade of Sant’Andrea in Mantua
temple like elevation merged with triumphal arch
rigidly symmetrical and utilizes mathematical ratios as design principles
Early Renaissance Art and Architecutre Summary
similar easthetic denominators
symmetry, rythym, rationality, mastery of space, focus of human form and proportions, interest in reviving Ancient Greek and Roman works
Renaissance of Northern Europe
regions of Flanders (belgium) and Burgundy-
created Dutchy of Burgundy- Philip the Good ruled= art lover and patron
economic prosperity through wool trade with Italy
stock exchange created-Bourse-
first use of credit instruments
Northern Renaissance Art Characterization
interest in devotional images
small religious paintings to be displayed
and used for prayer in private home
lingering Medieval pre-occupation with sin, damnation, and redemption
moralizing themes, either showing how to live righteous life, or condemning sinful life by showing what not to do
Jan Van Eyck
invention of oil paints (oil glazes) applied to panels (not canvas)
Ghent Altarpiece
lot of symbolic meaning
smaller scale portratis- man in red turban
Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Ghent Altarpiece
Jan Van Eyck
polyptych- altarpiece with multiple wings/hinged panels
tracery patterns
emphasis on gold and jewels- metaphor for riches one can expect in heaven
Christ- 12 apostles- Mary- Holy Confessors
Christ as lamb with apostles, Mary, Confessors
one of first landscape painting since Classical
the man in the red turban
Jan Van Eyck
first self portrait since classical
inscription- As I can
milestone for expressing self aware, self affirming modern consciousness through mirrors and portraits
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Jan Van Eyck
private commision to commemorate the marriage - visual marriage contract
private art- strong religious overtones
dog- fidelity
single lit candle- God’s all seeing eye
medallion surrounding mirror- illustrate scenes of Passion of Christ
wooden shoes- wedding gift from Husband
Sociological dimension- rise of Middle Class; material culture; creation of merchants; trade netowrks
Deposition
Rogier Van der Weyden
triptych
one of first oil paintings- oil on wood
comissioned by archer’s guild in louvain- hidden crossbows on spandrels
emphasis of richness of cloth
Portinari Alterpiece
FLemish arting commissioned by Italian patron
Van der Goes
figure type (large, bearded figures)
manner landscape is depicted (midieval architecture, green vegetation)
Northern European- sensation among Italy
Campin- Private Devotional Altarpiece
increasing emphasis on private prayer and devotion over course of century leading to the Reformation
allegory for Hoseph trapping devil (mousetraps)
Bosch- Farden of Earthly Delight
tyiptych
depict life as carnal orgy
earthly delights- deeply moralizing overtones
alchemy, nudity, Hwaven and Hell
no idea about intention or if religious
High Renaissance in Italy
15-16 century
age of technical innovations of art, scientific discoceies, revival of Classical
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
Universal Man- Da Vinci
human experience is center of universe
what stopped the High Renaissance
sack of Rome by German soldiers in 1527
Birth of Venus
Botticelli
poem by humanist writer polizinao= mimiched verse and themes of Roman times
about Roman gods Venus, Zephyrus,
typle product of humanist culture
aticipates artistic trends of High Renaissance
humanist culture of Renaissance
not only reappreciate classical past but also recreate it through art and literature
trends of High Renaissance
iconography not only exclusive religious
hedonistic subject
volumetric bodies and mytholigical characters
Leonardo da Vinci
milirary engineering, geography, anatomy, sculpture, painting
master of psychological introspection
atmospheric perspective (misty soft focus)
Virgin on the Rocks
The LAst Supper
Mona Lisa
mystic- intellectural, scientific, artistic interest
Virgin on the rocks
Da Vinci
atmospheric perspective (misty, soft focus)
pyramidal comp
cave setting- never had that env for religious works before
St, John blessed by Christ, Mary, angel- know each other well, loving relationship
first introduction of tender emotions
Leonardo Draftsman
large related sketch of virgin on the rocks
even more relaxed conventions than painting
Christ child playing with St. John,
emotional ties even stronger
atmospheric perspective
The Last Supper
Da Vinci
mural for dining hall of Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie
emphasis on the Eurcharist
single point perspective- vanishing point Christ’s head
original one deteriorated- restoration campaigns
Mona Lisa
Da Vinci
depict Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherardini
atmospheric perspective- Sfumato- smoky manner
popular because of theft in 1911
Michelangelo
Sculptor
3 perspective- painting, architecture, sculpture
Ceiling of Sistine Chapel
Ceiling of Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
5800 square feet, curvaturre of celing, 70 ft distance from floor
work up close on scaffold directly under ceiling
design on papers, held close to wall, charcoal traced, then filled with paint
central strip illustrate Genesis
central panel- Creation of Adam and Fall of Adam and Eve
starting point- Separatte light and dark
ending point- drunkeness of Noah
The Last Judgement
Michelangelo
seven years after sack of Rome
Reformation well under way
Counter Reformation- loved arts- most people illiterate
Risen Christ of judgement day- Saved souls near and marytrs (Heaven)
bottom- anguished souls tortured (Hell)
Back to Middle Ages- crises getting to him
Raphael
Stanza della Segnatura- 4 walls represent Theology, Law, Poetry, Philospohy
Moadonna and Child
seen as sweet/sentimental (3rd best)
created Philosophy wall
Stanza della Sednatura- Philosophy
Raphael
imaginary gathering of greatest thinkers from all ages
(Plato, Aristotle, ancient philosphers)
typical of infatuation with Humanist culture
Raphael’s images of the Virgin
oil panel
epitome of HIgh REnaissance style
Raphael combine Leonardo and Michelangelo
based on stories called GOlden LEgend
single point perspective and classical architecture- central round temple surrounded by Roman arcade
High REnaissance in Venice
no classical past
central trading hub- very wealthy
oligarchy
very concertned with art and architecture
aesthetically- color, airiness, decorative qualities
Bellini
defined cinquecento- consisted of spledid colors and serenity of composition
Sacra Coversazione
Bright Colors
Sacra Coversazione
fictional conversation of saints and biblical figures assembled across ages and locations
Pastoral Symphony
Giorgione
secular art
connotations with music making and poetry
Giorgione’s
color- red and blue
shepherds- idealize stress-free and serene lifestyle
subject of carefree parties of men in luxurious dress in parl picked up again in Rococo art
Titan
brings together religious and civic virtues
emphasize surface, texture, color of work, but not the content or design
Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne
Venus of Urbino
Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne
TItal
humanist
uncertainties of event depicted and artist ambivalent intentions part of appeal
Venus of Urbino
established conventions for portriats of reclining female nudes until end of 19th century- emphasis of sensuality and ambiguity
Michelangelo- Sculpture
David
David- Michealangelo
epitome of High Renaissance sculpture and civic monument of Florence
carved from single block of marble left over
theme identical to Donatello and Verrocchio
did young man, not adolescent- who is self assured and vigilant BEFORE fighting goliath
political allegory- telling people to be watchful always as enemies could be on prowl
Pope’s tomb design
Michelangelo
Moses
Bound Slave
Bound Slave
almost finished Michelangelo work
struggle to free themselves from bondage
interest in study of anatomy and figures in action
Bramante
draft plan for new St. Peter’s Cathedral
High REnaissance- symmetry, regularity, measure
defined by idea of nine interlocking crosses, covered by large cupola
Michelangelo simplified it
Tempietto
Bramante design that was built
little temple
inspiration of found temples of classical
two concentric circles, one for columns, one for inner sanctuary
most perfect form is circle
Michelangelo as architect
simplified Bramante’s project of St. Peter’s
Greek Cross Plan with lateral chapters
Facade- rhythmical and highly ornate staccato of Corinthian pilasters
marks transition to Mannerist and Baroque architecture
Mannerism
celebrates qualities like artificially and distorted forms
style of excess and exaggeration
Renaissance order, symmetry, proportions abandoned
elongated figures (figura serpentinata)
vertical orientation
ambiguous space
hypher-sophistication and decadence
Pontormo- Descent from Cross
no central focus
rendering space ambiguous
figures elonfated and flaccid (spineless)
weightless- twist in space
pastel colors
Parmigianino - Madonna with Long Neck
epitome of mannerist style
body parts lose all proportional relationships
Figura Serpentinata “Serpentine Figure”
setting imbued with decadent air of luxuriousness- proprs like curtains, amphora vase, cushion for Virgin’s throne
free standing white column
Brozino
portrays time as bearded man
hedonism- enjoyment for senses sake and without remorse
poreclain whiteness of bodies- artificioso- anything that is artifical or contrived
Romano
remodel his stables into a pleasure palace
rusticated blocks of masonry
disruption of regularity, geometry, and measure
sliding triglyphs- crushing on passerby
portruding keystones- palace on edge of collapse
humorous and ironical
Palazzo del Te
Romano
heaven collapsing- gians try to hold up columns supporitng heaven
central spot marked by terrazzo floor
Veronese
paint on monumental scale
primary representative of Mannerism in Venetian painting
official painter of republic
artist are independent minded from Church
Christ in the House of Levi
Supposed to be Last Supper but takes place in loggia of upper-class Palazzo that oligarch yowned
bustling with well dressed guests, dogs, jesters, attendents
Triumph of Venice
Veronese
Civic virtue higher than religious- expressed in art and architecture
fire in palace- repleace decorations
female personification of Venice crowned and born aloft in clouds- framed by architecture, twised columns, military heroes, upper class, lion of St. Mark
excessiveness of visual content
Protestant Reformation in Germany and Netherlands
one trigger is sale of indulgences to deeply devout population (exemption of purgatory for coin)
Pope Julius II selling, financial problems because of warfare and beautifying vatican
Martin Luther- objected indulgences
95 THeses, Bible into German
Protestantism Religious
personal accountability to God
punitive consequences of sin
reject intercession og saints
Church interiors sparce and not have artwork
emphasis on word, or music, not visual
iconoclastic
Bible is sole authority on spiritual matters
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church response to Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent- Churches have splendid artworks and decorations to reach an illiterate population
gave rise to Baroque Style
Reformation in Germany and Netherlands
German speaking counteis center of Protestantism
Netherland’s north is protestant
Netherlands south (belgium) Catholic
Durer
leading artist from age of Reformation
ties to art and publishing industires
first northern artist to fully understand and apply to innovations of Italian Renaissance- perspective and correct human anatomy
important accomplishments in printmaking
Durer self portrait
audacious to portray in frontal pose- reserved for representations of Chirst
mimic Christ’s act of blessing
Durer’s prints
charged with symbolic meaning
interprested in variety of ways
Knight defies death and the Devil
dog is companion (fidelty)
lizard is sin
one is that flashback to Crusades and renewed threat of Ottoman Turks
other is that for the soldier, Death and Devil not antagonist but attributes of his profession
Durer and the Apostles
different from others bc of context
put in city Hall
put St. Peter (Vatican- Keys) in background and put St. John (Bible) in front
REformation expressed
Massys- Money Changer and His Wife
completed before Reformation but alludes to ethical issues
point that material and commercial concerns needs to be balanced with spiritual and religious concerns
money changer is weighing coins, wife is reading Bible
Brudgel the Elder- Dutch Fantasy Landscapes
Netherland apart because of interest in low life or genre scenes
genre- everyday scenes from commoners lives
depcit peasant, village life, and country in uncouth behavior- still look out of fairytale
Satirical and fantasy artist
Age of Baroque in Italy
17-18th century- literature, music, art, architecture
emphasis on convoluted forms- spiral colimns, heightened emotionalism, intense religiosity, theratricality, rapture, irrationality, over-decoration
combined with Catholicism
first found in Vatican
Bernini
sculptor and architect- defiened Baroque style in Rome
Baldacchino
infused with emotionalism and drama in sculptures
Baldacchino-
Bernini
giant bronze canopy- 100 ft high- spot where St. Peter is buried
defined by 4 spiral columns with bronze
over decorated- vines and bees on columns
theatricality- viewer’s glance drawn from canopy to Cathedra Petri
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Bernini
Illuminated from hidden light source
niche of colored marble, gold, architectural decorations
streeses belief, devotion, and pietry over reason
Caravaggio- Invention of Tenebrism
defined Baroque painting
painted conversation of Pharisee Saul to St. Paul
use indirect light sources, situated in night settings, introduce dramatic highlights
most of art is biblical
great strength was to depict real, everyday people
Calling of St. Matthew
tenebrism
night scenes with strong contrasts and indirect light outside of picture frame
assocaited with Caravaggio and Baroque art
Calling of St. Matthew
Christ enter house of Levi- Tax collector- become St. Matthew
Tenebrist
small hint of trace of halo above Christ’s face
master of psychological renderings
impact on contempory painters
Carracci
Bologna- own group of masters
founded local art academy
Flight into Egypt
Love of the Gods
Flight into Egypt
Carracci
figure group with Holy Family in foreground secondary to landscape
landscape is idealized- cultured nature setting with evidence of human intervention and Mediterranean flora
Love of the Gods
Carracci
fresco
ceiling is barrel vaulted and curving
illusion of collection of framed pictures
influenced by michelangelo and sistine chapel
Baroque Painting in Spain
Spain hotbed- Habsburg
strong supporter of Catholicism and Vatican
El Greco
transition from Mannerism to the Baroque in Spain
not native Spaniard, Greece, trained in Venice and learned about Mannerist Style
first to introduce innovations of Italian later REnaissance to country
Burial of Count Orgaz
Burial of Count Orgaz
benefacto of Church of Santo Tome where passing caused much grief
composition follows typical Baroque formula of separating the wordly and heavenly realm into two levels
Upper half- Orgaz welcomed into heaven
lower half- burial attended by dignitaries of Toledo
visionary and mysterious quality- strong black and white contrasts and swirling clouds
figures unnaturally elongated- mannerist
concieved to stir religious fervor in believer
Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew
Ribera
foregrounding of saints and their suffering
Plebian figure- old, bearded, emaciated
Caravaggio’s influence
Martyrdom of Saint Serapion
Zurbaran
painted for monastic order of Mercy- funerary chapel
Serapion on 3rd Crusade, preaching Gospel to Muslims, captured, tortured, beheaded
Suffering of Saint is emphasized
Black and white contrasts
Velazquez
most famous Baroque painter
court painter to king Philip IV of SPain- King’s personal confidence
Water Carrier of Seville
Las Meninas- Maids of Honors
Water Carrier of Seville
genre or lowlife scene
Spain- hit country- no running water- water sellers
water carrier- rugged, old, unsophisticated- torn clothing
man of people, Caravaggio inspired
Brownish tonalities prevail
Maids of Honor
princess watches as parents are being painted by Velazquez
king and queen seen by mirror
or workign on very same cavas we’re currently seeing
reader in role of king and queen
Baroque architecture in Italy
drafted in purpose of affirming leadership role of Catholic Church
grandiosity, spectacular effects, drama and visual propogranda
undulating facades, oval or irregular plans, general preference for asymmetry
associated with Pope Sixtus V
Maderno
design Facade of St. Peter’s in Rome
first came to attention of Sixtus V when he built the Church of Santa Susanna
modeled facade after Gicomo della Porta’s church of II Gesu in ORme- prototype for churches the Jesuit order bui;t
Facade of St. Peter
shift towards novelty embodied by Baroque style
no more symmetry, decorative elements take over, multiplication of niches with sculptures, columns, dramatic recesses, scroll buttresses
Borromini
Baroque style
St. Charles at the Four Fountains
St. Charles at the Four Fountains
irregular plot of land
small church at busy intersection in city- marked by fountains in four corners
two facades encrusted with sculptures, niches, columns, recesses
central theme- oval (multiple)
culmination point of Baroue style in Rome
Baroque in Flanders and Netherlands
northern part of Netherlands (Holland) became Protestant
southern part of Netherlands (Flanders- northern part of Belgium) remained Catholic
Flemish- Belgium
Catholic Southern Netherlands Art
Baroque art in Italy and Spain
Peter Paul Ruebens
Art in Protestant North Netherlands
rejected images of saints and religious subject matter
art turned secular, became smaller in format- privately owned
rudimentary beginnings of Art Market developed here
Habsburg
not allow Northern Netherlands to become Protestant
After Thirty YEars War- they relented
Golden Age of Dutch art
17th century
peace and economic expansio- oversea trade
great number of highly skilled painters- little masters-
Rubens
most important artist in Flemish tradition
influenced by Baroque art in Italy
added own hallmarks of heightened emotionalism, voluptuous bodies, and rose-colored flesh
muscular bodies, chiaroscuro, and dramtic light effects
Large art workshop- active art dealer- help end Thirty YEars war as diplomat
Most of art under his name executed by his numerous workshop assistants
21 large canvases of Maria de Medici
21 large canvases of Maria de Medici
destined for Luxemburg Palace in Paris
see her arrival in France by boat, marriage with King Henry IV
allegorical figure of France welcome her
show how king assassinated, she became queen, fallout and reconciliation of her and her son
Van Dyck- Flemish court painter in LOndon
Anthony Van Dyck- one of Ruben’s assistants- reputation of his own
portrait paoting
pioneered the formula of full-length portrait seen here- popular with monarchs across Europe
HUnting
self assertive pose but no sceptor or crown
Supper Party
Honthorst
looks like Last Supper but is a tavern scene with drunk men and women having party
allegory of gluttony and hints of prostition
deeply moralizing
exemplifies genre subjects
Hals
specialty is group portraits
depicting confraternal organizations, guilds, or civic militia groups
all people individualized
Rembrandt
greatest artist of Dutch “Golden Age”
started as portrait painter
attests to rational scientific mind- prevalent in Northern Netherlands
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
Night Watch
most famous for nocturns- night scenes
religious matter with vProtestant Overtones
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
attests to rational scientific mind- prevalent in Northern Netherlands
shows Surgeon’s guild as dissecting corpse
dissection was new- Catholic Church opposed- however led to knowledge of disease, cause of death, improvemtn to health and longer lives
Night Watch
Rembrandt
full name is The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq
largest and most important painting
example of nocturns- night scenes
group portrait of civic guard in 30 war
all people individualized
for public setting- banquet hall where such people would meet
self portraits
The Prodigal SOn
Rembrandt
first one to take into consideration that story happened 2000 years ago in Middle East, not contemporary Holland
accounted by historical and cultural context by dresses and racial types represented
avoided Madonnas, halos, and saints- Catholic
bags for empathy- old father with embrace for forgiveness, other borther keep cold distance
Rembrandt’s Etchings
more artistic than engravings
Hundred Guilder Print
Christ with the Sick around Him, Receiving the Children
reworked his plates many times over the years
Three Crosses
Cuyp
Dutch landsacpes
painting of cows- national animal
milkmaid’s work- beautified, but not classical landscape- real city in background
Van Ruisdael
stressed aspect of domestic wellbeing
linen bleached in sun
church in distance- God-fearing life
windmills dot the scenery
Vermeer
depiction of domestic wellbeing
major painter of Dutch “golden age” now but was forgotten
view slightly out of focus
use for camera obscura- primitive viewing device that serve as aid for draftsman
all are small to fit into interior- cabinet pictures
show material wealth of middle class interiors
spectator intruder in domestic harmony
soft focus
Dou
Rembrandt’s student
small scale, minutely rendered cabinet pictures
celebrated early on but then forgotten
pursuit of knowledge for its sake
astronomer- uncover forces of universe along in middle of night
The Dropsical Women
Dou
archaic medical term that refers to swelling of soft tissues due to accumulation of excess water
scientific rational aspect of quest for finding cure makes it modern
richly decorated setting, dutch interior
Napoleon thought this was most important painting
Brouwer
range of genre subjects
The Smokers
interior of tavern at night, filled with smokers, reverlers, drunks, rude, ugly sitters
Claesz
still lifes
musical instruments and fineries
skull- memento mori- reminder of death
all wealth is temporal, life is fleeting
Kalf
still life painting
impact of Dutch overseas trade on material culture and lifestlye
render luxury goods
very good on rendering reflections on surfaces
The Sun king
Louis XIV
France rose to become the leading power in Europe- economy, military, culture
French took place of Latin
freedom and tolerance were limited
protestant minority persecuted
Poussin
dominance of classical mythology and classical history in French Painting
classicism- dogma of academic training in art
root of heirarchy of genres- history painting at top of prestige
Et in Arcadia Ego
Poussin
arcadian landscape- group of shepherds in foreground who study inscription of sarcophagus that reads “I, too, was once in Arcadia)
shepherds discover their own mortality
Lorrain
specialized in pseudo-classical landscapes and port scenes
often take place in and around ROme
most appreciated for renderings of all suffusing, golden sun light and harbor scenes
Biblical/classical stories often no more than pretexts
Le Nain
iconographic tradition different from Poussin or Claude
subjects related to Netherlandish genre of lowlife painting - interested in peasants and country folk
French contemporaries thought him to be Dutch or Flemish artist
Family of Country Peopl
Le Nain
final phase of 30 Years War
covers up real hardships, famines, and desctruction in countryside at time
peasants have time to eat, live with dignity, enjoy music, subservient
reality: uprisings and armies, ravaging farms
brownish tonalities
