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Art > Art 2 (plus art) > Flashcards

Art 2 (plus art) Flashcards

1
Q

who knew how to read and write in Egypt

A

only the trained scribes and priests

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2
Q

Ancient Persia

A

Defeated the Babylonian (538-331 BCE)
encompassed most of Middle East, including Egypt, and ranged from Danube to Undus river)

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3
Q

Dolmen

A

Neolithic Structures that survived to present day
tomb structures consisting of row of stones, planted vertically on ground, covered with slab and cromlech- huge stones placed in circle

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4
Q

Old Kingdom

A

Great Pyramids of Gizeh

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5
Q
A

Title- Palette of Narmer
Location- Hierakonpolis
Year- Upper Egypt- 3000 BCE
Medium- Slate

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6
Q

Akkad bust style

A

metal
elaborate coiffure (curly locks)
embedded eye sockets

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7
Q
A

Title- Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu
Location- Luxor
Year- 1370 BCE

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8
Q

River Valleys Cultures

A

Mesopotamia and Egypt

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9
Q

Stele of Hammurabi

A

contains first written code of laws known to mankind

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10
Q

Naram-Sin

A

conquered by military force
called governors of cities his slaves and himself the king of four quarters (universe)

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11
Q

Temple of Ramses II

A

New kingdom, Rock-cut temple
tendency toward monumental art and architcutre
Great Warrior-Pharoah
built far up the Nile- represent four colossal images of Ramses II- carved directly from natural sandstone cliff

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12
Q

Paleolithic Period

A

Early Stone Age
(35000-8000 BCE)

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13
Q

fetish

A

objects that possess or confer some sort of spiritual power upon the owner

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14
Q

post-fix “lith”

A

means stone- Latin

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15
Q

Armana Period

A

only time seen break from taditional canon- during rule of Pharoah Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten

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16
Q

Who led revival of Babylonian culture

A

King Nebuchadnezzar
construction of Farden of Bablyon and Ziggurat temple of BEl

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17
Q
A

Artist- Imhotep
Title- Stepped Pyramid of King ZOser
Location- Saqquara (Necropolis of Memphis)
Year- 2610 BCE

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18
Q
A

Title- The Ishtar Gate
Location- Babylon
Year- 575 BCE
Medium- Glazed Brick

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19
Q

Akkad

A

2300 BCE Sumerian cities uniffied under ruler Sargon of Akkad
peak of power under Naram-Sin (Sargon grandson)

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20
Q

Armana Period Art

A

heightened degree of naturalism and realism- especially depictions of body
Queen Nerfertiti- capturing quintessence of realism of Armna period

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21
Q

Early Dynastic Period

A

3000-2686 BCE
legendary King Menes unified upper and lower egpyt into singular monarchy

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22
Q
A

Title- Royal Audience Hall and Stairway
Location- Persepolis (Iran)
Year- 500 BCE

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23
Q

tomb of Zoser

A

first one- monunmental ryoal tomb
stepped pyramid- like Ziggurat- adjacent temple complx
designed to protect mummified body of king, buried in hidden, underground chamber and stymbolizs absolute god-like power during and after his rule

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24
Q

Hammurabi

A

most powerful king of Old Babylonia
first ruler to establish codified (written) laws
states that he recieved it from sun god Shamash

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25
Q

What place used hieractic scale

A

Akkad

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26
Q

Hieratic scale

A

the king’s body is represented much larger than anybody elses to signify his superior rank

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27
Q

Neolithic Age defined by what

A

giant stride forwards in human development

began to live in fixed abosed
domesticate plants and animals
surrounded by fields and inhabitants change to herdsman
(Near East- 7000 BCE, Europe- 4000 BCE)

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28
Q

What do we find in Ancient Mesopotamia

A

earliest evidence for Civilization

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29
Q

How long from the Asia Minor Villages did the River Valley Cultures appear

A

4000 years later

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30
Q

common feature of hypostyle design

A

Egypt- Clerestory

raised central rows of columsn- central ones higher than those at sides- that allow for light to filter in while interior is remianed in shadow- natural cooling effect

overall emphasis of monumentality

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31
Q

RUined Sumerian Cities

A

Ur, Warka, Nippur, Larsa, Eridu

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32
Q

Sumerian Soundbox

A

bull’s head made of lapis lazuli and beaten gold.
front plaque show stylitics features and content typical for all SUmerian art
formalized poses, heraldic symmetry, and
animal symbolism

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33
Q

What is shown in wall paintings of caves

A

hunting iconography- mammoth, bison, reindeer, etc.
spears and traps are visible
occasional handprints

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34
Q

Lascaux Cave art

A

color pigment opf red and yellow applied to walls with brushes and blowpipes

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35
Q

What other art forms did Paleolithic people do

A

Sculptures

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36
Q

Bull Symbol

A

symbol of fertility and strength
revered through Middle East and Mediterranean

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37
Q

Akhenaton reforms

A

religion of Aton- universal and only god of sun
abolished native cult of Amen- strong resentments among temple priests at Thebes, Karnak, and Luxor
moved capital from THebes downriver to Tel el-Amarna
Monotheistic rule- only Aton

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38
Q

Egyptians with death

A

Pre-occuptation of afterlife
believed in preservation of ka (life force or spirit) beyond death.
defines their tombs and temples

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39
Q

Old Babylonia

A

Most powerful king is Hammurabi
Akkadian rulers toppled by Guti people incursion. Political structured went back to independent city states- Babylonia most powerful city state

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40
Q

Sumerian Art

A

Statues
first time a fixed set of sylistic conventions found across diverse artifacts from one coherent cultural complez
(Sundbox)

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41
Q

Center of Persian culture

A

Palace at Persepolis- built by Darius I and Xerxes I
destroyed by Alexander the Great (Greek)

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42
Q

Periods of Stone Age

A

Paleolithic Period
Mesolithic Period
Neolithic Period

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43
Q

how to date stone age artifacts

A

Radiocarbon dating
dendrochronology

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44
Q

what is the function of stonehenge

A

giant farmer’s calendar- important for agriculture in Neolithic Society
indicated right points in time for sowing and harvesting

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45
Q

Heliopolis

A

adjacent to Memphis
means Sun City- suscribed to cult of the Sun god- Re
Re symbol was pyramidial stone called ben-ben
4th dynasty, Pharaohs considred son of Re and had pyramid to resembed the ben-ben stone

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46
Q

defining characteristics of village cultures in Asia Minor

A

farming and domestication of animals (instead of food-fathering)
Permanent human shelters/settlements
Onset of village culture with the earliest traces of urban settlements found in Hericho BCE and in Catal Huyuk 7000-5000 BCE
Lack of centralized power strucutre

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47
Q
A

Title- Pylon Temple of Horus
Location- Edfu
Year- 237-212 BCE

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48
Q

What is most famous example of Paleolithic Art

A

Lascaux France cave complex

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49
Q

Mesolithic Period

A

Middle Stone Age
(8000-6000 BCE for Eastern Mediterranean)
(8000-4000 BCE for Spain and Northern Europe)

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50
Q

Anicent Egpyt

A

preoccupation with the after-life
conservative taste in matters of art and architecture- little changes in conventions of representing human figure or way they built their temples over the course of thousands of years

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51
Q

Hatshepsut’s temple

A

one of largest and best preserved of rock-cut tombs
consists of three colonnaded terraces and chamfered (flattened at edges) columns
orgiianlyl had rich vegetation surrounding temple complex

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52
Q

palette

A

tablet on which eye makeup was prepared- utilitarian object

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53
Q

Who could enter nner sanctuary in Pylon temples

A

only temple priests
occasionary sacred object kept there brought in ritualized parades along courtyard

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54
Q

Egpyt Division

A

Pre- and Early Dynastic Period (5500-2700 BCE)
Old Kingdom (2686-2155 BCE)
Middle Kingdom (1975-1640 BCE)
New KIngdom (1570-1070 BCE)
Late Period (664-332 BCE)
Ptolemaic Period (323-30 BCE)- Greek domination of Egpyt, after part of Roman Empire

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55
Q

Pyramids of Gizeh

A

from Old Kingdom
structures became monumental and mass dominates suburbs of Cairo
believed to been result of moving the royal residence to Memphis during third Dynasty

56
Q
A

Title- Head of an Akkadian Ruler
Location- Nineveh
Year- 2300-2200 BCE
Medium- bronze

57
Q

What contains some of the best preserved cave paintings

A

CHauvet-Pont-d’Arc
Dordogne region of Southern France

58
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

discovered during Napoleon Egyptian Campaighn.
Contains text in Greek, Demotic (Late Egpyrian) and formal hieroglypihic.
How found hieroglphyics were phoetic, not pictographs.
breakthrough of decoding Egyptian writing

59
Q

Soul after death (Egpyt)

A

ANubis (Jackal-headed god of death) weights soul after death.
If too heavy, monster devours soul of deceased
if balanced, granted audience with Osiris

60
Q

Sumer innovations

A

system of gods (ANu, god of sky; En-lil (Bel), creator of ruler and earth, Lord of storm)
god-man relationships
city-state itself
art of writing
each city had city god, representative on earth was local ruler

61
Q

Cromlech

A

circular, or semi-circular structures of monumental stones and believed to have religious association- cult of dead or sun worship

62
Q

Egyptian writing

A

known as hieroglyphics

63
Q

Assyrian Relief Sculptures

A

sculpture carved out of only opne side of a block of stone
lamassu- compostire creatures between himans and animals

64
Q

when was Upper and Lower Egypt unified

A

Early Dynasitc Period
King Menes

65
Q
A

Title- Stonehenge
Location- Salisbury Plain, Wilshire, England
Year- 2000 BCE
Medium0 Cromlech

66
Q

earliest great mesopotamian civilzations

A

Sumer

67
Q

Mastabas

A

bench- typically rectuangular structure with sloping outside walls made of bricks.
modest plateau above ground hides undersgrund shadts and passages- acess to tokmb
earliest funerary monuments

68
Q

Ziggurat

A

stepped temple structure made of sun-dried brick
typical in Mesopotamian civilizations

69
Q

Funerary Practices

A

Book of the Dead-written on papyrus scolls and wrapped up with mummies after burial ceremonies.
contains spells, prayers, formulas, counsels.

70
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Alternative dating method based on tree rings and their unique patter found in time
bristle cone pines in California, date back as far as 4000 BCE

71
Q

what is the thought of the cave art

A

teenage grafittii
(maybe proto-religious)

72
Q

Neolithic Period

A

Late Stone Age
(Eastern Mediterranean: 6000-3500 BCE)
(Spain and Northern Europe: 4000-1500 BCE)

73
Q

White Lady of Brandberg

A

early mesolihtic rock paintings linked to similar cave paintings scattered across Africa from Sahara to Namib Desert. first century BCE, thousands of years later, hardly changed.

parts of Africa, earliest art form persisted into modern age

74
Q
A

Title- Hall of Bulls
Location- Lascaux, Dordogne, France
Year- 15,000-18,000 BCE
Medium- pigment on cave wall

75
Q

final layer of pyramid

A

white limestone
most gone because stripped of blocks of stone for centuries to build Cairo
served to prevent tomb robbery- size and visiblity defeated this pupose

76
Q

monolith

A

a single, large stone

77
Q

Common example of Cromlech structure

A

Stonehenge- 2000 BCE- England
features post-and-lintel constructions

78
Q

Palace at Persopolis

A

succession of columned courts, axially arranged, inclduing cetral court- 60 ft high and strecthing over 200 sq. ft.
Central court- large fluted columns and vast rock-cut podium with relief carvings fighting animals and Persian king reviewing troops

Ceremonial purposes for Persian kingd

79
Q
A

Title-Venus of Willendorf
Year-25,000-20,000 BCE
Medium- carved stone

80
Q

Assyria

A

Came from way up north of Great River Valley from today northern Iraw.
Sargon II, massive citadel construcuted that would have covered 25 acres and 200 courtyard and rooms- not done

81
Q

Stele

A

vertically oriented stone anchored to grounf

82
Q

Time Period of Stone Age

A

35,000 BCE to 1500 BCE

83
Q

Sumerian Architecture

A

Ziggurat

84
Q
A

Title- Temple of Ramses II
Location- Abu Simbel
Year- 1257

85
Q
A

Title- Stele of Hammurabi
Location- Susa
Year- 1880 BCE
Medium- Carved Basalt Stone

86
Q

Sumer

A

loose assocation of independent cities- became one of earliest great Mesopotamian civilizations

87
Q

Canon of Representation

A

follows a fixed set of rules which artists rarely deviated and which turned into standard

88
Q

Sumerian Statues

A

feature clasp hands (prayer/ritual)
found in temples
disproportionally large rendering of eyes
also found in Arabic Peninsula until advent of Islam

89
Q
A

Title- Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions and Dying Lioness
Location- Nineveh
Year- 650 BCE
Medium- Carved Alabaster

90
Q
A

Title- Psychostasis (Soul raising) of Hu-Nefer
Location- Thebes
Year- Late Period (716-332 BCE)
Medium - Papyrus Scroll

91
Q

Hyksos

A

invaded Egypt in the New Kingdom period
used new types of weaponry, especially dismountable chariots,

92
Q
A

Title-The Great Sphinx with CHepren’ Pyramid in the background
Location- Gizeh
Year- 2530 BCE
Medium- cut sandstone

93
Q

King Tut Tomb

A

Tutankhamen
never raided before- so full of things
objects from beaten gold, semiprecious stones (lapis-lazuli, turqoiuse, carnelian)
food, entertainment, funiture, provided
3 coffins, in first and second- attire and attributes of god Osiris- carbed of wood and covered with gold leaf
death mask over features

94
Q

Imhotep

A

creator of first monumental royal tomb that precursors the pyramids of Gizeh.
first known artist/archtiect of recorded history

95
Q

Sumerian Cuneiform

A

script recorded on seals used for record keeping task of temple priest
clay tablets
concerned food supply, taxes, administrative matters

96
Q

What did Assyrian Relief sculptures achieve

A

unseen degree of realism

97
Q

Early Dynastic Period Architecture

A

first monumental royal tomb built for King Zoser of Third Dynasty
precursor for Pyramidss of Gizeh

98
Q

Ptolemaic Period- Pylon temple

A

thousand years later, pylon temple unchanged

99
Q

BCE

A

Before Common (Christian) Era

100
Q
A

Title- Great Pyramids of GizEH
FRONT TO BACK
Menkure- 2460 BCE
Khafre- 2500 BCE
Khufu- 2530 BCE

101
Q

Construction of pyramids

A

harvesting limestone blocks from wuarries along Eastern NIle
floating block to construction site along river
dragging blocks over ramps- no wheels invented
completed with final outer sheathing of white limestone

102
Q

Where is Ancient Mesopotamia located

A

Iraq and parts of Syria

103
Q
A

Title- Rosetta Stone
Year- Ptolemaic Era (332-30 BCE)
Medium- Granodiorite Stone

104
Q

Rock Cut temples

A

New Kingdom
mortary temples for royal burials carved directly out of cliffs on bank of NIle
Hatshepsut’s temple, Temple of Ramses

105
Q

New Kingdom

A

Egpyt invaded by Hyksos from Syrian and Mesopotamian Highlands
quelled with difficulty- copied advanced technology they had
Bring areas from Euphrates (Mesopotamia) to NUbia (regions south of Egypt) under control
Thebes is capital of New Kingdom Egypt

106
Q

Mesolithic Rock-Shelter Paintings

A

hunters left caves
became more abstract and schematic, more symbolic than representational
stylized, rhythmic repetitions of basic shapes recorded step in evolution toward symbolic from pictorial

107
Q

Stonehenge

A

mile in diameterw
outermost rings consist of Large monolithis or Sarsen stones capped by lintels
inner ring of bluestones envcircing horeshoe (open end facing east) of trilithons (five intel-topped pairs of largest Sarsen stones)
center of horseshoe is heelstones- marking point chosen to allow observation of sunrise at mid-summer solstice

108
Q

Art of New Kingdom

A

higher degree of naturalism is found
poses implying movement and animated rendering birds are more realistic than what seen before

109
Q

Queen Nefertiti

A

Served for artistic inspiration above all else
smooth skin and symmetrical physiogonomy- quest for idealized beauty- likened to Greek

110
Q
A

Title- Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Location- Deir el-Bahri
Year- 1350 BCE

111
Q

Sculptures from Paleolithic period

A

“Venus” of WIllendorf- carved stone
suggest fertility fetish
Bison horn
exctinct series of bison, head turned, animal iconography and simplified depiction

112
Q
A

Title-Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Year- 2300-2200 BCE
Mediuim- Carved Sandstone

113
Q

Tutankhamen

A

some realism and naturalism carried over from Amarna period- yield some of most spectacular objects of Egyptian Art

114
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

invented 1955
based on fact that living organisms continually absorb carbon isotopes, including C-14 (radioactive) which disintegreates in N-14 (nonradioactive). After death of organism, absorption ceases but disintegration contineues.
Deductions about age can be made based on amount of C-14 remaining

115
Q

What did Egyptians mostly write down

A

Spells (not founding myths)- those come from Greek Author

116
Q

Akkadian rule coninceded with what

A

Age of metal in Mesopotamia

117
Q

what happened when Cro-Magnon man repladcded Neanderthal Man

A

artistic abilities expand greatly after this point

118
Q

what is the earliest evidence for Civilization

A

political organizations
religious beliefs
cities
food storage
MESOPOTAMIA based

119
Q

Tomb Architecture

A

Mastabas-
Famous pyramids type like Gizeh

120
Q

Egpyt Canon

A

human- profile view for head and frontal view for legs, arms, torso
figure groups presented in registers (bands)
squaring techniques- key to development of canon

121
Q

Neo-Bablyonia

A

Hittites broughth Hammurabi’s empire down and sacked it in 1595 BCE.
King Nebuchadnezzar brought it back
Ishtar Gate is way to get into city

122
Q

most iconic images of Ancient Egypt

A

Death Mask of Tutankhamen

123
Q
A

Title- Queen Nefertiti
Location- Tel-el-Armana
Year- 1360 BCE
Medium- painted limestone

124
Q

How were Early Mesopotamian civilizations defined

A

Political organization in city-states, surrounded by nomadic people and interlinked in trade
rising of cities as religious and administrative centers enjoying econimic prosperity
buildings of temple structures to communicate with the stars (different from Egypt and its preoccupation with royal tombs)

125
Q
A

Title- Ziggurat at Ur-Nammu
Location- Ur-Nammu
Year- 2100 BCE

126
Q

How is Egyptian history divided

A

dynasties- subsumed under umbrella of the following larger historal epochs

127
Q

Political organization of Egypt

A

leaders/kings called pharoahs
politically influential cast of temple pirests who oversaw religous ritualized pracitce
also power brokees- occasionaly more powerful than pharoahs

128
Q

what happened 8000 BCE

A

marks final recession of ice and onset of more temperate weather in northern hemisphere
Cro-Magnon man replaced Neanderthal man

129
Q

Ziggurat of Ur

A

three ramp-like staircases with 100 steps each- each tower flanked by gateways
shrine to gods of night- why so high

130
Q

Babylon

A

Two period of prosperity- Old and new (or neo) Babylon- separed by a 1200 year interval

131
Q

Founding myth of Egyptian civilization

A

Osiris and Isis
Osiris assassinated by evil brother Seth and his body dismembered along NIle
Wife, Isis, reassembled him and revied Osiris, getting pregnant with Harpocrates (Horus) who is founder of Egypt

132
Q

Pylon Temples

A

monumental Pylon temples with Hypostlye Halls are typcial for nEw Kingdom architecute

consist of massive trapezoid walls- inscribed with figures/hieroglyphics
bisected in middle by passageway to give access to central axis of temple complex
series of hypostyle courtyards- hidden behind Pylon

symmetrical around axis that runs from approaching avnue- flanked by sphinxes and obelisks= through a succession of colonnaded courts and halls to terminate in dimnly lit inner sanctuary

133
Q
A

Title- Death Mask of Tutankhamen
Location- Innermost coffin
Year- 1340 BCE
Medium- gold with inlay of semiprecious stones

134
Q

The Great Sphinx of Gizeh

A

connected by causeway with pyramid complex of Gizeh
cut directly out of bed of sandstone rock
capture likenss of Pharoah Cephren
refer t ovisual traditions of Mesopotamian cultures

135
Q

what is only deviation found in Egpyt history

A

under Pharoah Akhenaton’s rule during Amarna period

Art (5 decks)

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