Module 1 Flashcards
artist- Michelangelo Buonarroti
title- BOund slave
date-1513-1516
medium- Marble
Avant garde arsits
works of art in terms of formal ocntent and apreciated the visual form
not how used orignally or significance of respective cultures
fashion
conventions and changes in taste
what does iconography ask
what meaning and content does a given subject, form,l or symbol convey
Space
area around, within, or between images or elements (negatie space), or illsion of space
hot worked glass
blowing gas at the end of hollowed metal rod
Tempera paint
egg tempera- beahves like watercolor
pioneered by flemish painters (northern belgium)
as old as encaustic technique
Artistic influences
historical, cultural, or personal events that influence a work of art, artist, or stlyr
disegno
design- drawing be an end in themselves
two major types of printing processes
relief and intaglio
Rembrandt Self portraits
GOlden Age of Dutch Paitning
1628- just starting off
1634- pride (becoming famous, marrying above a social class- success in private and professional life, happy, touch of carelessness
1635-1636- happy with wife and content
1640- triumph- international reputation, wife is pregnant with 3rd child, rich, about to do biggest comision- rich dress
1655- disillusionment, sadness, disqieutude- no longer use studio, wife died, mistress found guily py protestant community for prostitution, bankrputcy, sell of belongings, life in poverty rest of life, now sense of fear
1669- resignation- most family is dead, lives alone, poor, no incokme, few moths will be dead, all vanity is gone, no more social status
verso
back of painting
showing stretcher, canvas, inscriptions
(signature, title, date) labels
Examples of Institutional context
Palace of Versailles in France- monument concieved to symbolize absolute power of French king louis XIV
subtractive sculpture
media like stone, wood, ivory
big block that gets chiseled away to form sculpture
color theory in painting
late 19th century
Georges Seurat
complementary colors in close proximity to one another to enhance colorful effect
types of lines
actual
implied
vertical
horizontal
diagonal
contour lines
tempera paint ingredients
powdered pigment
binder is egg yolk
thinner is water
Collage
coller- to glue
can be cut and glued on pieces of paper or other supports to create newly assembled composition
early 20th century- Cubist painters and Dada artist
artist- Thomas Gainsborough
title- The Blue Boy
date- 1770
medium- oil on canvas CA
hues
color of spectrum
artist- Faiyum (Egypt) CA
title- Mummy portrait of a Man
date- 160-170 AD
medium- Encaustic painting on wood
what are Yoshihara’s circle inspired by
Satori- enlightenment of Zen and pursuit of form for its own sake
notion of Wabi-Sabi- acceptence of life and worls as imperfect, transcient state
no two circle by Yoshihara are alike
WHat does social context ask
did this work of art make a political statement
Interior Design and furniture
Rococo Style in 18th century France and discovery of identity throguh it
Elements of art
Line
shape
form
value
color
space
texture
Scale
relationship in size or number between objects or elements in a work of art including the relation between parts of a while, luke proportions of the parts of the body
Emotional or subjective contexts
art as a relection of inner emotional states
expressionist
what does aesthetics ask
what is general definition of art
what is its purpose
what is beauty
does art serve a function or is art for art’s sake enough
Modernity
civilization aspect of modern experience- scientific discoveries, technological advancement, railroad, industrializtion, mechanism, urbanization, rationalism
Fresco (Fresco Secco)
Popular in America because of Mexican Muralist- depression era- working class ijmagery- communicm
dry fresco- painted on dried plaster walls
Paintings types
oil
fresco
tempera
watercolor
encaustic (hot wax)
acrylics
lithography and photography
19th century as commercial processes- used to illustrate books, newspapers, periodicals, and other not considered high art
litho- 180s, photo- 1830
MOdernism
cultureal aspect of modern experience expressed mainl in art and literature
individuality, alienation, psycholpgoca lstatesm dandysim, introspection
Mosaics
small pieces of color glass, stone, or ceramic tile called tessera that are embedded in a bed like mortar or plaster.
can be combined to create complex images
on walls and floors- used since days of ancient Greece
found in early Christian Churches
Value
degree of light and dark used in a work of art
contract between black, white, and all tones in between
can be implemented using color, or black and white
Drawings
traditionally taught to draw before anything elsew
formal analysis works best on what
abstract work
Example of social context
EL Lissitzky’s Beat the Whites with the REd Wedge was meaningful only in the context of the RUssian October and REvolutio nand it spromostion of radical left-wing ideas
what sets us apart from other animals
universal urge to create
ability to act in planned manner
spatial context
relationships of scale, site-specific or non site-specific art
all paint consists of two or three ingredients
basic substance (powdered pigment)
binder
thinner (watercolor and gouache not need)
approaches of analyzing art
materiality of art
art history
aesthetics
iconography
artistic influences
hierarchy of genres
history painting on top
portraiture, landsacpe, and still life on botom
form
described how the elements and principles of composition (line, shape, color, value) work together independently of the work’s content
Art Deco
characterized by angular shapes and dark colors
celebrated dynamism of machine age and was prevalent during 1920’s and 1930s (especially in US and France)
Graphic Design
traditionally poster designs, book layouts, and any type of advertisement and traditionally print-based media
COmputer- based designs, designs of any web site, app, etc. also fall here
not originally seen as art, ability to comminicate powerful or complex messages through visual langiage became important 1900s
cold worked glass
cutting, sanding, sanblasting, etch8ing, or incising patterns and forms through carving wheel
complementary colors
organe/blue
red/green
violet/yellow
Fabrics
Islam- prohibits figurative rendering so patterns in carpets and architecture prevail
gouache
opagque water color
Visual or Fine Arts
painting, sculputre, printmaking, focus of class
formal analysis
looks only at the visual/formal elements of a work of art and how they fit together
Performance Art
like sculpture only purpose is to destroy itself- only photographs survive
Balance
distribution of visual weight of object, color, texture, and space to make design feel stable
symmetrical, asymmetrical, radial balance
first art critics
Newspapers age of enlightnement- Kouis Michael Van Loo- Neis diderot
variety
using different elements in an image to create visual and/or guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art
asymmetrical balance
one side contains more elements than the other
secondary colors
by mixing primary colors
green, violet, orange
Mordernism
Latin- Modo
dwarves sitting on shoulder of giants- huge respect for the ancients
1800s- no longer appreciate the ancients
artist-
title- Euphronios Krater
date- 515 BC
medium- red figure painting on Ceramics Krater
artist- Dale Chihuly
title- Royal Botanical Gardens
date- 2005
medium- blown glass
Emotional Context
describes the state of mind of the artist or allude to some of the personal evetns taking place in the artist’s life
Rembrandt
artist- Fra Filippo Lippi
title- Madonna and Child- CA
date- 1440-1145
medium-tempera on board
emphasis
special priority given to one part of a work (dark shape in light composition)
can be achieved through placemenrt, contrast, color, size, repetition, and contributes to the focal point
watercolor ingredients
powdered pigment
binder- gum arabic
thinner- water
artist- Giotto Di Bondone, Arena Chapel Padua CA 1305
title- Lamentation
date- 1305
medium- Fresco
industrial Design
Coca-Cola bottles, Boeing airplanes, cars, computers
outer design needs to fit function
aesthetic roots is functionalism- form allows function
what does materiality of art ask
how do the materials, tools, and techniques used to create a work of art inform its meaning
artist- Bamana people, Mali
title- Antelope Headgear of the Bamana People
date- 20th century
medium- wood
symmetrical balance
elements used on each side are equally balanced
lithography
uses litho crayons on fine-grained bavarian limestone. Gum arabic and acid serve as fixative.
Applies design directly onto stone with crayons
stone then wetted and ink applied which repels the water in blank areas
print drawings
what does emotional or subjective contexts ask
does this work of art serve as an autobiographical statement of the artist’s experience
what does drawing allow someone to do
collect and record ideas
try out proportions
visualize ideas
Aesthetics
sub discipline of philosphoy concerned with nature of how we process and assess what we perceive
tried to define nature of beauty
Impasto
Italian expression meaining thick application of paint
creates texture
diaphanous paint- opposite of oil glazes
relief-like, 3D quality of paint that sits on the surface
THe Arts
comprehensive term describing creative activities, including (not limited to) music, theater, writing, movie making
textrue
surface quality of an object that can be sensed through touch or are conved visually in 2D
Landscape architecture
traced back to Ancient Babylonia- first millenium before Chrsit
political statement
artist- Antonella Da Messina
title- Martyrdom of St. Sebastian CA
date- 1475-1477
medium- oil on wood
Examples of Emotional or subjective contexts
Edward Munch’s THe Scream- relects how the artist felt isolation from the rest of society
Art history asks what
when and where was the work of art created- who commissioned the art
artist- Albrecht Durer
title- THe knight, death, and the devil
date- 1513
medium- engraving
artist- Ngil Secret Society, Gabon
title- Fang Mask
date- 19th centruy
medium- wood painted with Kaolin
value (in color)
hue’s lightness or darkness
(amou t of black or white added)
Economic context
production of art is also affected by economic consideration
Rhythm/movement
use of recurring elements to direct the eye through the image
way the elements are organized to lead the eye to the focal are
can be directed(along edges of form by means of shape and/or color)
artist- Romare Bearden
title- Rocket to the moon
date-1971
medium- collage on board
Color perception
wavelength of white light as it hits the surface of an object and it refracted
Isaac Newton
Principles of Design
pattern
contrast
emphasis
balance
scale
harmony
rhythm/movement
unity
variety
Lost wax-casting method
cast metal- bronze, iron, are result (silver and gold can also be used)
3D positive figure is modelled in wax or similar materials
wac figure immersed in clay investment mold
firing the clay, wax melts and flow ut of mold, end of firing process, one obtains negative form reafy to recieve molten bronze to cast positive figure
Kkown in Ancient greece- popular 1800 France with industrial porduction methods ]
NIgeria also used it
Plein air painting
painting in open, painting in nature
Charles Francois Daubigny
artist-
title- Portland Vase
date- 1st century AD
medium- Blown and cut glass (Roman Cameo)
Acrylics
relatively recent invention (second half 20th century)
pigments suspendend in acrylic polmyer medium
dries fast
high degree of color intensity
what does economic context ask
who paid for this artwork or architectural strucute
was it comissioned by patron or donor
was it part of larger commercial art market
how has the value of work of art changed over time
Brancusi- New Born
round face of baby crying
emphasis on recognizable reality- meaning that is being conveyed
search for narratives
association of birth- renewal, circle of life, vitality, celebration of humanity
was humanitarian
artist- Albrecht Durer
title- The Great piece of turf
date-1503
medium- Watercolor
pioneer of watercolor
Albrecht Durer- Renaissance
Harmony
the arrangement of elements to give the viewer the feeling that all parts of the work form a coherent whole
when was pastels popular
18th century Rococo art- soft touch and muted colors
Impressionalist- ability to capture coorful impressions quicly and spontaneousl
academicisim
doctrine dervied by French Academy engrained conversatism
Line
mark on a surface that describes a shape or outline
can be used to create texture with thick or thin lines
types of line- actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, contour lines
What is Fresco best used for
large wall spacfes
Fresco painting (Buon Fresco)
sine ancient times (egyptian tombs)
comes from italian word fresh- MUST be painted on fresh, wet plater
issues over time with degradation- requires restoration
color pigments diluted in water and applied to freshly plasted wall whre pigments soak deep into plaster
rapid execution, owrk in segment
oil
first used in 15th century (renaissance)
Flemish Painter- Jan Van Eych first to do it
Italians perfected it
Texture of canvas and consistency of paint can greatly influence character of a painting
cool colors
blue, purple, green
recede backwards on picture plane
artist- Chruch of San Vitale, Ravenna
title- Mosaic of EMpress Theodora and Attendants
date- 547
medium- Mosaic
fresco paint ingredients (Buon Fresco)
powdered pigment
binder- line in PLASTER
thinner is water
Universal themes for creating art
relationship between man and nature
religion
sexual drive and sexuality
display of power and authority
demarcation of hierchies and social rank
capturing greatness of human existence
vanity of artist or art patron- technical prowress of maker
pursiot of uhman perfection/beauty
create record and tell narrative in absence of written language
interrelation of above
Intensity
quality of brightness and purity of color
(vivid vs. muted)
Pastel Drawings
chalk-like, friable (easily crumbled), requires colors paper to make use of visual effects
must be fixed by some sort of sticking spray to prevent pigment from detacthing
imposswible to correc tor alter drawig later on
Intaglio processes
opposite of relief
crevices in plate (engraved or etched with acid) hold the ink.
after cutting design of plate, its covered with ink, wiped until no ink left on surfae and only crevices hold it
what made plein air painting possible
invenion of thin tubes mid 19th century
previously artist made their own, hard to work outside studio
Avant Garde
art as agent for change in society
all th eism (cubism, realism, dadism,)
needs to be radical, revolutuionry, ahead of its time
engraving vs etching
engraving- cutting tool- burin- used to engrave the design into the plate
etching- metal plate covered with cotaing- design scaped into cotating without cutting into the plate- acid bath
materiality of art
choice of artistic medium
Warm colors
red, orange, yellow
advance forward on picture plane
contrast
juxtaposition of different elements of design (rough and smooth textures, dark and light values) to highlight their differences, creates visual interest, or a focal point
Art history
academic discipline concerned with historical contexts of works of art
art requires inter-discinplinary thinking including
art, history, literautre, geography,political events, ecomonics/finance, social shifts, intellectural history/history of ideas (evolution of science), technological innovations
17000s artist way to fame
measured by ability to render a person naturalistically
categories of shapes
geometric and organic
untrained artist
naieve, not negative, highly appreciated
Style
refers to formal qualities of a work of art that can be typcially associated with historial period and/or a specific region
artist- Tabriz
title- The Ardabil Carpet
date- 1540
medium- wool pile on silk warps and wefts
hue
actual color (blue, green, red)
print makers
prints in differnt states as it falls in disrepair
dollar bills
Venice problem with frescoes
salinity and humidity in air due to Adriatic lagoon setting- rapid deterioration of frescoes
video art
tv and movies
computers, software, internet, iphones, etc.
artist- Jan Van Eyck
title- Madonna and Child with the Chancellor Rolin CA
date-1433-1434
medium- oil and tempera on panel
line
extension of of the dot- indicate motion, boundaries of shapes and space, imply volume of solid masses
delinieation of form- contour in faces
create tonal variations- shaidng, hatching, cross hatching
ancient times
ancient, classical, pleasing and inoffensive, tradition, othordoxy, routine, decadence
art movements
typically formed consiously by aritst who share a similar styles, goals, or ideology
oil ingredients
powdered pigment
binder- linseed oil
thinner= turpentine (sap from pine tree)
what is ingredients for encaustic
powdered pigment
binder is beeswax
thinner is heat
Encaustic
hot wax painting
used since ancient times (mummy portriats and Ancient egypt)
artist- Ettore Sottsass
title- Beverly from the Memphis COllection
date- 1981
medium- wooden sideboard covered with plastic laminate
WWII artist types
abstradct or conceptual idion
Architecture
images of completed buildings and drawings of its ground plan, elecation, section, and perspective renderings
Modern
meant to be offensive, new, cuvist, freedom of expression, origniality, novelty, progress
Additive sculpture
media like clay, bronze, plaster, wax
makes mold of something that is then used
Abstract art
getting rid of figurative content- devoid of any recognizable content
artist- Yves Saint-Laurent
title- Mondrian Day Dress
date-1965
medium- Wool Jersey in color blocks of white, red, blue, black, and yellow
Medium of art
drawing
painting
collage
printmaking
photography
sculpture
cermaics
fabric
architecture
graphic design
performance art
digital art
fashion
Blue Boy- Thomas Gainsborough scandal
pitched against president of royal academy- Joshua Reynolds
warm colors should be in front and col colors in back
Blue boy did opposite
radial balance
elemetns are arranged around a central point
primary colors
red, yellow, and blue
media
pen
pencil
ink
watercolor
gouache
charcoal
pastel
WHat does Spatial contesxt ask
where is work of art locat4d
does surrounding space impact its viewing experience
Shape
shape is 2D line with no form or thickness
flat and grouped in two categories_ geomtetric or organic
Prints
artist create identical reproduction of the same image
distinct from orignal works of art
instituional context
art is affected by the institutions that paird for or controlled its production- like temples, churches, art academies, museums
relif processes
printing occurs within the raised parts of the plate or those parts that habe not been cut away
linoleum cuts or woodcuts
Different contexts to view work of art
spatial context
social context
emotional or subjective context
institutional context
economic context
Color
made up of three properties- hue, value, and intensity
Pattern
regular arrangement of alternated or repeated elements (shapes, lines, colors) or motifs
recto
front of painting
what does artistic influences adk
how can knowledge of an artist;s biography enhance our understand of a work of art
what previously created artworks or ideas are ferended by a new work
unity
all parts of an image work together harmoniously to be seen as a whole or convey a sense of completeness
artist- Leonardo Da Vinci
title- Man Tricked by Gypsies, CA
date- 1493
medium- Pen and ink drawing
Oil and Canvas combined
Antonella credited with introducing mixed oil technique to Italy
Native of Siciliy, learned Flemish techniques
Cradle of oil on canvas technique
Digital Art
graphic designers today
can exist as an intallation on a computer as holograms in air as software
a lot will vanish
Form
3D object having volume or thickness
can be an actual 3D form or illusion of form implied with use of light
Iconography
visual content and menaing encountered in a work and how they are supposed to be interpretated
what does institutional constext ask
what intitutional values does this work of art relfect
gouache ingredients
powdered pigment
binder= gum arabic
thinner= water
add chalk dust
artist-
title- Funeral Mask from the Royal Tombs of Mycenae
date- 1500 BCE
medium- beaten gold
art
form of communication- which uses a visual voabularyo
Sculpture
two approaches- subtractive and additive
example of economic context
Andy Warhol’s Coca Cola bottles- prime representative of pop art- commented on economic forces that mass-consumerism has unleashed after WWII
Art periods
typically based on historal eras within a particular geographic region or culture
Picasso
big influence from African Masks
glass
molten sand to which additives (cobalt or cadmium) are added for color.
Hot worked and cold worked
glass blowing invented in ancient Phoenicia
Antelope headgar of Bama people
agricultural ceremonies- dance imitating antelopes as tribute to part antelope part human diety who introduced agriculture to bama people.
male and female dancers- headgear different
kind of fertility cult
when did drawing skills become the cornerstone of artistic practice
REnaissance
photography
initially unique inmages on silvery background- daguerroeotypes
mid 1800, negative process used to allow unlimited number of identical (positive) prints or reporductions to be pulled from negative.
multiples
artworks that exist in multiple, identical copies, executed in media that lend themselves to reproductions
Cast sculptiures, prints, photographs, etc.
limited edition size
EA- for artist, HC- not for sale
glazes
thin, transparaent layers of paint that are built up on the surface of a painting
jewel-like surface quality
extremely smooth surface
time-consuming
Flemish tradition (Jan Van Eyck)
iconography way of understanding art
who was the artist, who is person in painting, what event is going on
Social contect
art can serve as a rhetorical or propoganda vehicle
art is meant to convince or as an agent of change
artist- Dieter rams
title- Braun’s Snow White Coffin
date- 1956/1963
medium- Radio and Record player
Example of spatial context
Hollywood sign is meaningful for its place- Hollywood Hills of LA
objective of class
lend voice to work of art, make it speak by learning a visual vocabulary in oder to determine it
Ceramics
long history of thousands of years
simple storage vessles in beginnning and became more elaborate over time
Repousse or Beaten metal method
gold- often worked as think layers of metals, using hammers and toold
ancient origins- ancient Greece
Genesis of Modernism
1860s and 1870s with impressionism in France
Consumer culture, more leisure time, Paris emerged as Great Modern Metropilis
tapestry
hung from wall- insulation from cold temperature before heating system invented
found in castles
images woven together after designs of famout art works
French King Louis XIV established royal tapetry works at GObelin
common types of support for paint
canvas
wood
board
copper
paper
Prepatory drawings
work out composition, form, or other elements- normally finished on different medium
studies of figures, objects, or landscapes
